CRITICAL THINKING

INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION TO
TO CRITICAL
CRITICAL
THINKING
THINKING

PREPARED BY:
NURSYAHIDA MOHD JAAFAR
CHAPTER 6: INTRODUCTION TO CRITICAL THINKING
Learning Outcomes
TOPIC

At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

Explain what is critical thinking theories

Understand the perspective involved in critical thinking.
Understand the impact of critical thinking theories
Explain several strategies to promote critical thinking.
Have clear understanding on the blockages to critical thinking.

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CHAPTER 6: INTRODUCTION TO CRITICAL THINKING
Topic Outlines
TOPIC

e fi nit ion o f c ri ti cal thinking

6.1 D
king
6.1.1 Types of thin
g Theories
6.2 Critical Thinkin
al
6.2.1 Philosophic il d th e h ou s e of argument
ss to bu
6.2.1.1 The proce
al
6.2.2 Psychologic o u s e of a rg ument
al T h e h
6.2.3 Philosophic
g Skills
6.3 Critical Thinkin
n is s c ri ti c a l th in king abilities
6.3.1 E n
a d e s c ri tic a l th inking skills
6.3.2 W
e c ts o f cri ti c a l th inking skills
6.3.3 As p
s o f C ri ti c al Th in king Theories
6.4 Implicatio n u estioning
k in g th ro ug h q
cal thin
6.4.1 Improve criti
P ro m o te C ri tic a l Thinking
6.5 Strategies to
c k ag e s to C ri tic al Thinking
6.6 Blo
inking
Video critical th
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CHAPTER 6: INTRODUCTION TO CRITICAL THINKING

INTRODUCTION
TOPIC

Why do
YOU study
for a
Diploma?
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CHAPTER 6: INTRODUCTION TO CRITICAL THINKING

INTRODUCTION
TOPIC

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CHAPTER 6: INTRODUCTION TO CRITICAL THINKING

INTRODUCTION
TOPIC

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CHAPTER 6: INTRODUCTION TO CRITICAL THINKING

6.1 Definition Of Critical Thinking

TOPIC
Critical Thinking means making reasoned judgements

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CHAPTER 6: INTRODUCTION TO CRITICAL THINKING
Definition Of Critical Thinking
TOPIC

disciplined manner of thought that a

person uses to evaluate the
validity of something (statement,
new ideas and research)

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CHAPTER 6: INTRODUCTION TO CRITICAL THINKING
Definition Of Critical Thinking
TOPIC

intellectually disciplined process of

actively and skilfully conceptualising,
applying, analysing, synthesising and
evaluating information gathered from
or generated by, observation,
experience, reflection, reasoning or
communication

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CHAPTER 6: INTRODUCTION TO CRITICAL THINKING

6.1 Definition Of Critical Thinking

TOPIC

Critical thinking directly influences the capacity for individuals to

advance in effectively applying the information to which they have
been exposed

According to Glaser, (1985) and Primack, (1986), Author

new information,
knowledge experience concepts or
conclusions.

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CHAPTER 6: INTRODUCTION TO CRITICAL THINKING
6.1 Definition Of Critical Thinking
What is Critical Thinking?
It is art of taking charge of
the power of your own
mind.
It is about living and
learning what empowers
you and your students In
practical ways.
It is thinking beyond basic
recall of information.
TOPIC
It involves asking
questions to establish
ideas, create new ideas,
solve problems and make
decisions.
Assists in the
transformation of
information into something
that can be used to
anticipate the future.
It requires choices and
responsibility.
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CHAPTER 6: INTRODUCTION TO CRITICAL THINKING

6.1.1 Types of Thinking

TOPIC

Analysing
Problem
ProblemSolving
Solving
Evaluating Decision
DecisionMaking
Making
Reasoning

New
New
Ideas
Ideas

Critical Left Right

Creative
Thinking Thinking

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CHAPTER 6: INTRODUCTION TO CRITICAL THINKING
6.2 Critical Thinking Theories
TOPIC

The Critical Thinking

The Recognition and The Blooms Taxonomy
Process. Metacognition Model of Higher Thinking
The Critical Thinking Model The Critical Thinking
The House of Argument Cyclic Model

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CHAPTER 6: INTRODUCTION TO CRITICAL THINKING
6.2.1 Philosophical - The Critical Thinking Process
TOPIC
Critical Thinking involves four stages :

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CHAPTER 6: INTRODUCTION TO CRITICAL THINKING
6.2.3 The Educational
TOPIC

Critical Thinking has been categorised differently by different learning theorists.

One of the most influential of the critical thinking models is Blooms
Taxonomy of Higher Thinking. This well-known theory of thought has been
viewed as representative of the educational perspective of critical thinking
theory.

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CHAPTER 6: INTRODUCTION TO CRITICAL THINKING

6.2.3 The Educational - Blooms Taxonomy of Higher Thinking

TOPIC

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CHAPTER 6: INTRODUCTION TO CRITICAL THINKING

6.3 Critical Thinking Skills

TOPIC

According to Silverman and Smith, ability to think critically by being able to:

1 analyse complex issues and make informed decision

2 synthesise information in order

3 evaluate the logic, validity and relevance of data

4 solve challenging problems

5 question the assumptions of those in authority and conventional wisdom

6 distinguish between observation and inference

7 identify the assumptions in any arguments and judge their

validity
8 identify the nature of the reasoning being used. Know when
inductive or deductive reasoning is required.

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CHAPTER 6: INTRODUCTION TO CRITICAL THINKING

6.3 Critical Thinking Skills

TOPIC

According to Silverman and Smith, ability to think critically by being able to:

1 analyse complex issues and make informed decision

2 synthesise information in order

Conclusion
Conclusion reached
reached on
on the
the basis
basis of
of
3 evaluate the logic, validity and relevance of data
evidence
evidence and
and reasoning
reasoning
4 solve challenging problems

5 question the assumptions of those in authority and conventional wisdom

6 distinguish between observation and inference

7 identify the assumptions in any arguments and judge their

validity
8 identify the nature of the reasoning being used Know when
inductive or deductive reasoning is required.

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CHAPTER 6: INTRODUCTION TO CRITICAL THINKING

6.3 Critical Thinking Skills

TOPIC

According to Silverman and Smith, ability to think critically by being able to:

1 analyse complex issues and make informed decision

2 synthesise information in order

3 evaluate the logic, validity and relevance of data

4Inductive
solve reasoning
Inductive reasoning works
challenging the
the other
problems
works other way,
way,
moving
moving from
from specific
specific observations
observations toto
question
5broader
broader the assumptions
generalizations
generalizations and of those in authority and conventional wisdom
and theories
theories
6 distinguish between observation and inference

7 identify the assumptions in any arguments and judge their

validity
8 identify the nature of the reasoning being used Know when
inductive or deductive reasoning is required.

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CHAPTER 6: INTRODUCTION TO CRITICAL THINKING

6.3 Critical Thinking Skills

TOPIC

According to Silverman and Smith, ability to think critically by being able to:

1 analyse complex issues and make informed decision

2 synthesise information in order

3 evaluate the logic, validity and relevance of data

4 solve challenging problems

5 question the assumptions of those in authority and conventional wisdom

6 distinguish between observation and inference

Deductive
Deductive reasoning
reasoning works
works from
from
7 identify the assumptions in any arguments
the and judge
the more
more their
general
general to
to the
the more
more
validity specific
specific
8 identify the nature of the reasoning being used Know when
inductive or deductive reasoning is required.

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CHAPTER 6: INTRODUCTION TO CRITICAL THINKING

6.3.3 Aspects of Critical thinking six essentials

TOPIC

DISPOSITION CRITERIA ARGUMENT

open minded, something to be statement of

value fair-minded judged proposition with
respect evidence/ as believable supporting evidence
reasons some standards apply involve identifying,
respect clarity and assertion based on evaluating and
precision relevant, accurate, facts constructing arguments
look at different point credible source, precise
of logical fallacies and
views strongly reasoned
will change

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CHAPTER 6: INTRODUCTION TO CRITICAL THINKING

6.3.3 Aspects of Critical thinking six essentials

TOPIC

REASONING POINT OF PROCEDURES

VIEW FOR APPLYING

ability to infer a search for make use of many

conclusion understanding procedures
requires examining view phenomena from include asking
logical relationship many different points of questions, making
among statement or view judgments and
data identifying assumptions

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CHAPTER 6: INTRODUCTION TO CRITICAL THINKING

6.4 Implications Of Critical Thinking Theories

TOPIC

to promote and enhance critical thinking in learners, the style of learning

must be shifted to an active one

a teacher interact with students habit of asking questions encourage students to feel
welcomed.

students are encouraged to work with each students are able to process the new
other in small discussion groups information

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CHAPTER 6: INTRODUCTION TO CRITICAL THINKING

6.4.1 Improve Critical Thinking through Questioning

TOPIC

The Cooperative Questioning Process

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CHAPTER 6: INTRODUCTION TO CRITICAL THINKING

6.4.1 Improve Critical Thinking through Questioning

TOPIC

Critical Questioning Strategies - The Taxonomy of Socratic Questioning

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CHAPTER 6: INTRODUCTION TO CRITICAL THINKING

6.4.1 Improve Critical Thinking through Questioning

TOPIC

Critical Questioning Strategies - The Standard Questions

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CHAPTER 6: INTRODUCTION TO CRITICAL THINKING

6.4.1 Improve Critical Thinking through Questioning

TOPIC

Critical Questioning Strategies - The Standard Questions

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CHAPTER 6: INTRODUCTION TO CRITICAL THINKING

6.5 Strategies to Promote Critical Thinking

TOPIC

Arrange Classroom space to encourage interaction

Allow Time for Reflection or Interaction

Begin Class with a Problem and Finish

Class with a Brief Evaluate Exercise.

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CHAPTER 6: INTRODUCTION TO CRITICAL THINKING

6.6 Blockages To Critical Thinking

TOPIC

Unable to Maintain Critical Thinking Attitudes

Strong Personal Experience

Stereotypes

Oversimplifying

Strong Psychological Needs

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CHAPTER 6: INTRODUCTION TO CRITICAL THINKING
Video Critical Thinking
TOPIC

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CHAPTER 6: INTRODUCTION TO CRITICAL THINKING
References:
TOPIC

1) Robert Harris, Introduction to Critical

Thinking, Virtual Salt
2) Creative and critical thinking, Cosmopoint
Learning Kit, 2007
3) Credits for all the visual image:
www.google.com
4) Credits for all the photo image: istockphoto

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CHAPTER 6: INTRODUCTION TO CRITICAL THINKING
NEXT SESSION PREVIEW

TOPIC

THANK YOU
SEE YOU NEXT WEEK
WITH7
CHAPTER
CRITICAL THINKING MEASURES

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CHAPTER 6: INTRODUCTION TO CRITICAL THINKING

TOPIC

http://cms.montgomerycollege.edu/edu/department.aspx?id=22319
http://icanhazpodcast.blogspot.com/2012/06/judging-good-content-ep61.html

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