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FEEDBACK
AMPLIFIERS
EMT 212/4 Analog Electronic II
Outline
1. Introduction to Feedback
2. Feedback Amplifier Positive & Negative
3. Advantages/Disadvantages of Negative
Feedback
4. Basic Feedback Concept
5. Classification of Amplifiers
6. Series Shunt Configuration
7. Shunt Series Configuration
8. Series - Series Configuration
9. Shunt Shunt Configuration
Introduction to Feedback
Feedback is used in virtually all amplifier system.
Invented in 1928 by Harold Black engineer in
Western Electric Company
methods to stabilize the gain of amplifier for
Av
Avf
1 v Av
Series - Shunt Configuration
if Ro RL
then the output of feedback network is an
open circuit;
Output voltage is:
Vo AvV
feedback voltage is:
V fb vVo where v is closed-loop voltage transfer f
Ri
By neglecting Rs due to Rs ; error
V Vi is:
voltage V fb V Av
Avf
o
Vi 1 v Av
Series - Shunt Configuration
Ai
Aif
1 i Ai
Shunt Series
Configuration
Basic current amplifier with input resistance, Ri
and an open-loop current gain, Ai.
Current IE is the difference between input signal
current and feedback current.
Feedback circuit samples the output current
provide feedback signal in shunt with signal
current.
Increase in output current increase feedback
current decrease error current.
Smaller error current small output current
stabilize output signal.
Shunt Series
Configuration
if Ri Rs then I i I
then the output is a short circuit; output
current is:
I o Ai I
feedback current is:
I fb i I o where i is closed-loop current transfer fu
Input signal current:
I i I I fb
Io Ai
Aif
I i 1 i Ai
Shunt Series
Configuration
Input Resistance, Rif Output Resistance, Rof
Vo I fb RV
assume F virtually
I i RF
1
ground;
I 1 Vo / R1
Current I1: R
I o I fb I1 I i 1 F
R1
Output current:
Io RF
Ai 1
Ii R1
Ideal current gain:
Shunt - Series Configuration
Ai is open-loop
current
I I i ' Igain
fb I i I fb
I o Ai I Ai ( I i I fb )
and
Assume VoV1 isI fbvirtually
RF
ground:
Vo RF
I1 I fb
I current:
1
R1 R1
Closed-loop current gain:
Io Ai Output current RF
Aif
Ii 1 Ai I o I fb I1 I fb I fb
R1
RF
1
R1
Shunt - Series Configuration
Ii Ii
RE Io RC RE Io RC
V+ V-
Io g m r Ai
Aif
Ii r r
1 g m r 1 Ai
RE RE
Series Series
Configuration
Ag
Agf
1 g Ag
Series Series
Configuration
The feedback samples a portion of the
output current and converts it to a voltage
voltage-to-current amplifier.
The circuit consist of a basic amplifier that
converts the error voltage to an output
current with a gain factor, Ag and that has an
input resistance, Ri.
The feedback circuit samples the output
current and produces a feedback voltage, V fb,
which is in series with the input voltage, V i.
Series Series
Configuration
Assume the output is a short circuit, the
output current:
I o AgV
feedback voltage is:
V fb z I o where z is a resistance feedback transfer
Input signal voltage (neglect Rs=):
Vi V V fb
Io Ag
Agf
Vi 1 z Ag
Series Series
Configuration
Input Resistance, Rif Output Resistance, Rof
Vi
Rif Ri (1 z Ag )
Ro 1 z Ag
Vx
Ii Rof
Ix
Series Series
Configuration
Series input connection increase input resistance
Series output connection increase the output
resistance
Az
Azf
1 z Az
Shunt Shunt Configuration
The feedback samples a portion of the
output voltage and converts it to a current
current-to-voltage amplifier.
The circuit consist of a basic amplifier that
converts the error current to an output
voltage with a gain factor, Az and that has
an input resistance, Ri.
The feedback circuit samples the output
voltage and produces a feedback current, Ifb,
which is in shunt with the input current, Ii.
Shunt Shunt Configuration
Assume the output is a open circuit, the
output voltage:
Vo Az I
feedback voltage is:
I fb gVo where g is a conductance feedback transfer
Input signal voltage (neglect Rs=):
I i I I fb
Vo Az
Azf
I i 1 g Az
Shunt Shunt Configuration
Vo I fb R2
where I fb I i
Vo
Azf R2
Input current
I i splits between feedback current and
error current.
Shunt output connection samples the output
voltage feedback current is function of output
voltage.
Shunt Shunt Configuration
Az is open-loop
transresistance
gain factor (-ve
o A I A I I
value)
V z z i fb
where I fb Vo / R2
Vo Az
Azf
Ii Az
1
R2
Shunt Shunt Configuration
Shunt Shunt Configuration
Vo Vo V
g mV 0
RC RF
V V Vo
Ii
r RF
1 1 1 1 1 Vo
Vo g m I i 0
RC RF r RF RF RF
1
g m
Vo RF
Azf
Ii 1 1 1 1 1 1
g m
RC RF r RF RF RF
Shunt Shunt Configuration
Open-loop transresistance gain factor A z is
found by setting R
F =
gm
Az g m r RC
1 1
RC r
Multiply by (rRC) r RC
Az
Vo RF
Azf
Ii RC r 1 r RC
1 1 Az
RF RF RF RF
Assume RC <<RF
Azf
Vo
Az
& r<< RF Ii 1
1 Az
RF
Feedback Amplifier
Input and output Impedances
Summary