HVAC System Control

A Trane Air Conditioning Clinic

American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN

HVAC System Control
period one
Fundamentals of Automatic Control

American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN

Terminology

controlled
variable

airflow
sensor

controller
controlled
device
controlled
American Standard Inc. 2002
agent Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN
Open Loop

outdoor-air
sensor

airflow

controller
chilled
water
valve
American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN
Closed Loop
discharge-air
temperature sensor

airflow

controller
valve
chilled
American Standard Inc. 2002
water Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN
Control Reset
discharge-air
outdoor-air
temperature sensor
sensor

airflow

controller
valve

chilled
American Standard Inc. 2002 water Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN
Control Points
Binary input point (BIP)
Examples: fan status (on/off), dirty filter
Binary output point (BOP)
Examples: start/stop fan or pump, open/close damper
Analog input point (AIP)
Examples: temperature, pressure, airflow
Analog output point (AOP)
Examples: control valve or damper position,
temperature setpoint

American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN

Types of Control Action
Two-position (on/off)
Floating
Proportional
ProportionalIntegral (PI)
ProportionalIntegralDerivative (PID)

American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN

 Two-Position (On/Off)
controller output

100%

0%

A
controlled-variable

on
+ 5F
deviation

0F setpoint differential
B
- 5F off

American Standard Inc. 2002

time Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN
 Floating
controller output

100%

0%

switch differential
A B
controlled-variable

open
+ 5F
deviation

stop
0F setpoint differential
D stop
- 5F
C close

American Standard Inc. 2002

time Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN
 Proportional
controller output

100%

0%
controlled-variable

+ 5F
A
deviation

offset
0F setpoint throttling
range
- 5F

American Standard Inc. 2002

time Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN
 Integral
controller output

100%

0%
controlled-variable

+ 5F A
deviation

0F setpoint

- 5F
B

American Standard Inc. 2002

time Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN
 ProportionalIntegral (PI)
PI
controller output

100%

integral proportional
0%
controlled-variable

+ 5F
deviation

0F setpoint

- 5F

American Standard Inc. 2002

time Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN
 Derivative
controller output

100%

0%

B
controlled-variable

+ 5F
C
deviation

A
0F setpoint

- 5F

American Standard Inc. 2002

time Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN
 ProportionalIntegralDerivative (PID)
PID
controller output

100%
PI

derivative
0%
controlled-variable

+ 5F
deviation

0F setpoint

- 5F

American Standard Inc. 2002

time Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN
Comparison of Control Actions
controlled-variable deviation

offset
PID
setpoint
PI overshoot

American Standard Inc. 2002

time Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN
Controller Technologies
Pneumatic
Analog-electric
Microprocessor-based

American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN

Pneumatic Control System
pressure-
reducing valve
main line
compressor
air branch line
air
drier filter

controller
storage
tank controlled
device

drain
American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN
Pneumatic Controller
bimetal
element

nozzle flapper
set
screw

main orifice branch

line line

American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN

Pneumatic Controlled Device
actuator
chamber
branch line
valve
stem
diaphragm
spring
plug

valve seat
American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN
Analog-Electric Controller

American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN

Electronic Controlled Device

actuator

valve
stem

plug

valve seat
American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN
Microprocessor-Based Controller

American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN

DDC Controlled Device

American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN

Comparison of Technologies
Pneumatic Microprocessor-based
No communication Allows system-wide
capabilities communication
Expensive and Fewer hardware
complicated to provide components
complex control Easily accommodates
strategies complex control strategies
Inherently proportional Provides many types of
Extensive maintenance control action
requirements Fewer maintenance
requirements

American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN

HVAC System Control
period two
Automatic Control of HVAC Systems

American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN

Control of an HVAC System

building
management

system-level
control

unit-level control

American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN

Benefits of Unit-Level Control
Stand-alone control
Safeties, alarms, and diagnostics
Installed, tested, and commissioned in factory

unit-level control

American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN

Unit-Level Control

American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN

VAV air handler
Discharge-Temperature Control Loop

discharge-air
temperature sensor

valve

controller
American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN
VAV air handler
Ventilation Control Loop

return-air damper

outdoor-air
damper

controller
American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN
 VAV air handler
Economizer Control Loop

outdoor-air
temperature sensor controller
American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN
VAV air handler
Mixed-Air-Temperature Control Loop

mixed-air temperature sensor

controller
American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN
VAV air handler
Static-Pressure Control Loop

duct static-
supply fan pressure sensor

controller
American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN
 VAV air handler
Building-Pressure Control Loop
relief fan
indoor-
pressure
sensor
outdoor-
pressure
sensor

controller
American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN
 VAV air handler
Pneumatic Controls

main line controllers

American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN
Equipment Protection

unit-level
controller

air-cooled
water chiller

American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN

System-Level Control

system-level
control

unit-level control

American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN

Chilled-Water VAV System
cooling VAV terminal
tower units

VAV air
handler

exhaust fan
water-cooled pumps
chiller
system-level
controller

American Standard Inc. 2002

boiler Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN
System-Level Operating Modes
Occupied Mode
Terminal units maintain
occupied setpoints
Outdoor-air damper
delivers proper amount of
ventilation air
Air is cooled or heated to
desired setpoint
Supply fan operates
continuously, modulating
to maintain system static-
pressure setpoint
American Standard Inc. 2002
Unoccupied Mode
Terminal units maintain
unoccupied setpoints
Outdoor-air damper is
closed
Supply fan, cooling coil,
and heating coil operate
only as needed
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN
Rooftop VAV System

packaged rooftop VAV terminal

air conditioner units

system-level
controller
American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN
 Morning Warm-Up
system on system off

occupied
setpoint
occupied hours zone
temperature
unoccupied
setpoint

6 AM Noon 6 PM
American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN
Air-Cooled Chiller, Fan-Coil System

dedicated
outdoor-air unit

fan-coil
units

air-cooled
system-level chiller
controller

pumps
American Standard Inc. 2002
boiler Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN
 Two-Pipe Changeover Requirements
140F
(60C)
supply-water temperature

deadband
120F
(49C) hot water 15F
(8C)

80F
(27C)
30F
(17C)
40F
(4C) chilled water
0F 20F 40F 60F 80F
(-18C) (-7C) (4C) (16C) (27C)
American Standard Inc. 2002
outdoor dry-bulb temperature Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN
Water-Source Heat-Pump System
exhaust fan
cooling
tower
dedicated
outdoor-air unit
pumps

water-source
boiler heat pumps

American Standard Inc. 2002

system-level controller Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN
 Loop Temperature Control
cooling tower
off
pumps on

boiler off

heat pumps in
heat pumps in heating mode
cooling mode
American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN
System Optimization

system-level
control

unit-level control

American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN

VAV system
Fan-Pressure Optimization

damper
static- positions
supply pressure
fan sensor

fan speed or
inlet-vane
position
VAV
system-level terminal units
controller
American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN
 rooftop VAV system
Optimum Start

time clock

optimum start
occupied
setpoint
zone
occupied hours temperature
unoccupied
setpoint

6 AM Noon 6 PM
American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN
air-cooled chiller, fan-coil system
Chilled-Water Reset

air-cooled
chiller leaving-water
temperature
47F
constant-volume (8.3C)
pump coil

54F
(12.2C)

valve
position system-level
controller
American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN
water-source heat-pump system
Optimized Loop Control
100
combined energy use, kW

90
cooling
80 tower

70
heat
pumps
60

50
90F optimized
(32C) control
American Standard Inc. 2002 loop water-temperature setpoint Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN
failure recovery
Sequences of Operation

chiller-plant
controller

American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN

failure recovery
Stand-Alone Operation
heat pump with
unit-level controller

system-level
controller
thermostat
American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN
failure recovery
Selection of Controlled Devices
Normally-closed actuator
Normally-open actuator
Position-maintained actuator

American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN

HVAC System Control
period three
Building Automation Systems

American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN

Building Management

building
management

system-level
control

unit-level control

American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN

Responding to Comfort Complaints

American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN

Graphical User Interface

American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN

Time-of-Day Scheduling

American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN

Centralized Alarms and Diagnostics

American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN

Remote Access
Alarm notification
Dial-in access

American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN

Reports
Trend logs
Alarm activity
Building energy
use
After-hours tenant
occupancy
Equipment
diagnostics and
performance
Commissioning
American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN
Preventive Maintenance

American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN

Integration with Other Systems
return-air
damper

smoke-
control
dampers

normal HVAC operation smoke-control operation

American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN

Connecting Multiple Sites
Centralized
monitoring
Diagnose or predict
problems with
systems
Combine energy
usage for negotiating
energy contracts

American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN

HVAC System Control
period four
Interoperability

American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN

Network
node node

node server

node

American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN

Dedicated Versus Shared Networks
Dedicated network
Easier to design and install
More expensive
Shared network
Less expensive (shares infrastructure)
More difficult to ensure security

American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN

LAN Versus WAN
building A building B

router router

American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN

Intranet Versus Internet
building A building B

router router

firewall

Internet
American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN
 Tiered BAS Architecture
PC workstation
LAN for
system controllers
HVAC
system lighting system
controller controller
LAN for
unit controllers
fire-protection security
system system
controller controller

equipment with unit controllers

American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN
Communications Protocols
Proprietary
Used, produced, or marketed under exclusive legal
right of an individual or organization
Open
Available to public domain and is shared among
vendors
Standard
Open protocol that has been formalized by a
governing body

American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN

Gateways
PC workstation

proprietary protocol LAN

gateways
HVAC proprietary lighting
protocol LAN fire
protection security
gateways

American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN

System-Level Interoperability
PC workstation

open, standard protocol LAN

HVAC proprietary lighting

protocol LAN fire
protection security
gateways

American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN

Unit-Level Interoperability
PC workstation

proprietary protocol LAN

gateways
HVAC open, standard lighting
protocol LAN fire
protection security

American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN

Interchangeability
Plug-and-play

American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN

 Standard object types
Analog input Binary input
Analog output Binary output
Analog value Binary value
Multi-state input Loop
Multi-state output Command
Device File
Event enrollment Calendar
Notification class Schedule
Trend Program
Group

American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN

LonTalk
LonMark functional profiles
Boiler controller Rooftop unit
controller
Chilled ceiling controller
Space-comfort
Chiller
controller
CO2 sensor Temperature
Damper actuator sensor
Discharge-air controller Thermostat
Fan-coil controller Unit-ventilator
Heat pump controller
Lighting-panel controller
Variable-speed
motor drive
Occupancy sensor VAV controller
Pressure sensor

American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN

Tiered BAS Architecture
PC workstation

BACnet protocol

HVAC lighting
LonTalk protocol fire
protection security

American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN

Flat BAS Architecture

PC workstation
open, standard protocol LAN

American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN

HVAC System Control
period five
Review

American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN

ReviewPeriod One

controlled
variable

airflow
sensor

controller
controlled
device
controlled
American Standard Inc. 2002
agent Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN
ReviewPeriod Two

building
management

system-level
control

unit-level control

American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN

ReviewPeriod Three
Building automation
system functions
Respond to comfort
complaints
Centralize scheduling
Receive alarms and
diagnostics
Provide remote access
Integrate with other
building systems
Connect multiple sites
American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN
ReviewPeriod Four
PC workstation
LAN for
system controllers

HVAC lighting
LAN for
unit controllers fire
protection security

American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN