Mathematical Modeling

ME 7980
Cardiovascular Biofluid Mechanics
4. Mathematical modeling
Objectives
Applications of hydrostatics and steady
flow models to describe blood flow in
arteries
Unsteady effects:
pressure pulse propagation through arterial
wall
Effects of inertial forces due to blood
acceleration/deceleration
Effects of artery distensibility on blood flow
Outline
Steady flow considerations and models:
Hydrostatics in circulation
Rigid tube flow model
Application of Bernoulli equation
Unsteady flow models:
Windkessel model for human circulation
Moens-Korteweg relationship (wave
propagation, no viscous effects)
Womersley model for blood flow (wave
propagation, viscous effects)
Wave propagation in elastic tube with viscous
flow (wave propagation, viscous effects)
1. Hydrostatics
Hydrostatics
Rigid tube Bernoulli
flow modelapplications
WindkesselMoens-Korteweg
model WomersleyComplete
model Pennes
model equation
Damage modeling
Hydrostatics in the Circulation
Blood pressure in the
lying down position
Arterial: 100 mmHg
Venous: 2 mmHg
Distal pressure is lower
Hydrostatic pressure
differences in the
circulation
lying down position
Hydrostatics
model Pennes
model equation
Damage modeling
Blood pressure in the
standing up position
Head artery: 50 mmHg
Leg artery: 180 mmHg
Head vein: -40 mmHg
Leg vein: 90 mmHg
Pressure differences due

to gravitational effects Hydrostatic pressure
differences in the
circulation
Hydrostatics
model Pennes
model equation
Damage modeling
Bernoulli equation:
V2 p
z const
2g g
Tube of constant cross
section:
p g z
Effects of pressure on vessels:
Arteries are stiff: pressure does
not affect volume
Veins are distensible: pressure Hydrostatic pressure
causes expansion differences in the
circulation
Hydrostatics
model Pennes
model equation
Damage modeling
2. Rigid Tube Flow Model
Hydrostatics
model Pennes
model equation
Damage modeling
Hagen Poiseuille Model
Assumptions:
incompressible r
steady z
laminar
circular cross section L
From exact analysis:

p 2 d 2 p d 4
vz r r Q
4 L 4 128 L
Hydrostatics
model Pennes
model equation
Damage modeling
Assumptions: Control volume
incompressible r w
P1 P2
steady z
w
laminar
circular cross section L
From control volume analysis:

4 w L
p
d
Hydrostatics
model Pennes
model equation
Damage modeling
Validity considerations
Newtonian fluid: reasonable
Casson model: linear at large shear rate
Laminar flow: reasonable
Average flow: Re=1500 (< Recr=2100)
Peak systole: Re = 5100
Blood vessel : compliance
Flow measurements: no evidence of sustained
turbulence
No slip at vascular wall: reasonable
Endothelial cell lining
Hydrostatics
model Pennes
model equation
Damage modeling
Validity considerations
Steady flow: not valid for most of circulatory
system
Pulsatile in arteries
Cylindrical shape: not valid
Elliptical shape (veins, pulmonary arteries)
Taper (most arteries)
Rigid wall: not valid
Arterial wall distends with pulse pressure
Fully developed flow: not valid
Finite length needed to attain fully developed flow
Branching, curved walls
Hydrostatics
model Pennes
model equation
Damage modeling
Blood Vessel Resistance
On time-average basis:
p 128 L
R
Q d4
p: time-averaged pressure drop (mmHg)

Q: time-averaged flow rate (cm3/s)
R: resistance to blood flow in segment
(PRU, peripheral resistance unit)
Hydrostatics
model Pennes
model equation
Damage modeling
Blood Vessel Resistance
Series connection: R
R11 R
R22 R
R33
p p1 p2 p3
R R1 R2 R3
Q Q Q Q
Parallel connection: R1
R2
R3
1 Q Q1 Q2 Q3 1 1 1

R p p p p R1 R2 R3
Hydrostatics
model Pennes
model equation
Damage modeling
Transition Flow in Pipes
Entrance
V=0 at wall
Velocity gradient in radial direction
Downstream
Fluid adjacent to wall is retarded
Core fluid accelerates
Viscous effects diffuse further into center
region region
dominated by dominated by
inertial viscous
effects effects
U parabolic
velocity
profile
Entrance Fully
region developed
flow region
Hydrostatics
model Pennes
model equation
Damage modeling
BL Thickness and Entrance Length
Balance inertial force and viscous force:

1
x 2
x ~
U
Entrance length definition:

Re > 50: L R L kD Re k = 0.06
Re 0: L 0.65D
Hydrostatics
model Pennes
model equation
Damage modeling
3. Application of Bernoulli
Equation
Hydrostatics
Rigid tube
Bernoulli
flow model
applications
model Pennes
model equation
Damage modeling
Bernoulli Equation
Assumptions:
2
Steady V p
Inviscid z const
2g g
Incompressible
Along a streamline
Hydrostatics
Rigid tube
Bernoulli
flow model
applications
model Pennes
model equation
Damage modeling
Stenosis

Narrowing of
artery due to: a1 a2
Fatty deposits p1, V1 p2, V2
Atherosclerosis
Effects of
2
narrowing: p2 p1 V1 V2 2
2
p1, V1, V2: known
Hydrostatics
Rigid tube
Bernoulli
flow model
applications
model Pennes
model equation
Damage modeling
Stenosis

Arterial flutter
Low pressure at a 1 a2
contraction p,V 1 1
p2, V2
Complete
obstruction of
vessel under
external pressure
Decrease in flow velocity
Increase in pressure
Vessel reopening (cycle)
Hydrostatics
Rigid tube
Bernoulli
flow model
applications
model Pennes
model equation
Damage modeling
Aneurysm
Definition: Arterial wall bulge at weakening
site, resulting in considerable increase in
lumen cross-section
Characteristics:
Elastase excess in blood
Decrease in flow velocity
Limited increase in pressure (<5 mmHg)
Significant increase in pressure under exercise
Increase in wall shear stress
Bursting of vessel
Hydrostatics
Rigid tube
Bernoulli
flow model
applications
model Pennes
model equation
Damage modeling
Heart Valve Stenoses
Flow through a nozzle
Q2 1
p1 p2
2 A02Cd 2
Cd: discharge coefficient
(function of nozzle, tube,
throat geometries)
Flow separation recirculation region
Fluid in core region accelerates
Formation of a contracted cross section:
vena contracta
Hydrostatics
Rigid tube
Bernoulli
flow model
applications
model Pennes
model equation
Damage modeling
Effective orifice area:
Q Q: mean flow rate (CO)
EOA A0
Cd 2p For aortic valve: Q: mean systolic
flow rate
Gorlin equations (clinical criteria for
surgery): MSF
AVA AVA: aortic valve area (cm2)
44.5 p MVA: mitral valve area (cm2)
MSF: mean systolic flow rate (cm3/s)
MDF MDF: mean diastolic flow rate
MVA (cm3/s)
31.0 p p: mean pressure drop across valve
(mmHg)
Hydrostatics
Rigid tube
Bernoulli
flow model
applications
model Pennes
model equation
Damage modeling
Effects of flow unsteadiness and
viscosity:
temporal convective viscous
p = acceleratio + acceleratio + dissipation
n n
dQ
p A BQ 2 CQ Young, 1979
dt

EOA KQrms EOA KQ p
pm p p
based on mean values based on peak-systolic values
Hydrostatics
Rigid tube
Bernoulli
flow model
applications
model Pennes
model equation
Damage modeling
4. Windkessel Models for
Human Circulation
Hydrostatics
model Pennes
model equation
Damage modeling
Windkessel Theory
Simplified model
Arterial system modeled as elastic

storage vessels
Unsteady
Unsteady flow
flow Steady
Steady flow
flow in
in
due
due to
to pumping
pumping Attenuation of peripheral
peripheral organs
organs
of
of heart
heart unsteady effects due
to vessel elasticity
Arteries = interconnected tubes with

storage capacity
Hydrostatics
model Pennes
model equation
Damage modeling
Windkessel Theory
Variab Definition
les
inflow outflow p Windkessel chamber
pV pressure
RS V Windkessel chamber
Q(t)
p(t), V(t), Di volume
Di Chamber distensibility
RS Peripheral resistance
Windkessel chamber Q Ventricular ejection flow
Definitions: rate
p Venous pressure
Inflow: fluid pumped intermittently by V
ventricular ejection
Outflow: calculated based on Poiseuille theory
Hydrostatics
model Pennes
model equation
Damage modeling
Windkessel Solution
Pressure pulse solution
Systole (0 < t < ts):
t
p t RS Q0 RS Q0 p0 e RS Di
Diastole (ts < t < T):

T t
p0: pressure at t=0
p t pT e RS Di Windkessel (left) vs.
pT: pressure at t=T actual (right) pressure
pulse
Stroke
t
volume
VS Q t dt Q0t S
S
Hydrostatics
model Pennes
model equation
Damage modeling
Windkessel Theory
Summary
Advantages:
Simple model
Prediction of p(t) in arterial system
Limitations:
Model assumes an instantaneous
pressure pulse propagation (time for
wave transmission is neglected)
Global model does not provide details
on structures of flow field
Hydrostatics
model Pennes
model equation
Damage modeling
5. Moens-Kortweg
relationship
Hydrostatics
Windkessel Moens-Korteweg
model Pennes
model equation
Damage modeling
Wave Propagation
Characteristics
Speed of transmission depends on wall
elastic properties
Pressure pulse:
depends on wall/blood interactions
Changes shape as it travels downstream due
to interactions between forward moving wave
and waves reflected at discontinuities
(branching, curvature sites)
Need for model of wave propagation
speed
Hydrostatics
model Pennes
model equation
Damage modeling
Moens-Korteweg
Relationship
Speed of pressure wave propagation
through thin-walled elastic tube
containing an incompressible,
inviscid fluid
Relationship accounts for:

Fluid motion
Vessel wall motion
Hydrostatics
model Pennes
model equation
Damage modeling
Problem Statement
r Vr(r, z, t)
R
flow
z Vz(r, z, t)
Infinitely long, thin-walled elastic tube of

circular cross-section
Hydrostatics
model Pennes
model equation
Damage modeling
Derivation Outline
Equations
Equations of of fluid
fluid motion
motion in
in
infinitely
infinitely long,
long, thin-walled
thin-walled
elastic
elastic tube
tube ofof circular
circular cross
cross
section
section
Equations
Equations of of vessel
vessel wall
wall Equations
Equations of
of vessel
vessel wall
wall
motion
motion motion
motion
(inertial
(inertial force
force neglected
neglected (with
(with inertial
inertial force
force on
on
on
on wall)
wall) wall)
wall)
Simplified
Simplified Moens-
Moens- Moens-Korteweg
Moens-Korteweg
Korteweg
Korteweg relationship
relationship relationship
relationship
Hydrostatics
model Pennes
model equation
Damage modeling
Simplified Moens-Korteweg
relationship
Reduced Navier-Stokes equations:
1 rvr vz
0
r r z
vr vr vr 1 2 vr p
vr vz r
rv
t r z r r r z 2 r
vz vz vz 1 vz 2 vz p
vr vz r
t r z r r r z 2 z
vz p

t z
Inviscid flow approximation:
vr R
R vz
2 z
Hydrostatics
model Pennes
model equation
Damage modeling
Moens-Korteweg relationship
Tube equation of motion:

d 2
t hRd 2 Rpd hd
dt
Coupling with fluid motion (without

inertial effects):
2 p 1 2 p hE
2 2 where c
2
constant
2 R
0
z 2
c0 t
Hydrostatics
model Pennes
model equation
Damage modeling
Moens-Korteweg relationship
Tube equation of motion:

d 2
t hRd 2 Rpd hd
dt
Coupling with fluid motion (with

inertial effects):
2 p 1 2 p hE 2
R 2

2 2 where c0
2
1
t

z 2
c0 t 2 R E
Hydrostatics
model Pennes
model equation
Damage modeling
Experimental vs. Theoretical
c0
Hydrostatics
model Pennes
model equation
Damage modeling
6. Womersley model for
blood flow
Hydrostatics
model Pennes
model equation
Damage modeling
Problem Statement
r Vr(r, z, t)
R
flow
z Vz(r, z, t)
Infinitely long, thin-walled elastic tube of

circular cross-section
Hydrostatics
model Pennes
model equation
Damage modeling
Problem Assumptions
Flow assumptions:
2D
Axisymmetric
No body force
Local acceleration >> convective
acceleration
Tube assumptions:
Rigid tube
No radial wall motion ( no radial fluid
velocity)
Hydrostatics
model Pennes
model equation
Damage modeling
Equation of Motion
p
Pressure gradient: t Aeit
z
vz r , t w r eit
Axial flow velocity:
Axial flow velocity magnitude:

d 2 w 1 dw AR 2

i w where: R
2
dr r dr
2

r Womersley number
r
R
Hydrostatics
model Pennes
model equation
Damage modeling
Examples of Womersley
Number
Hydrostatics
model Pennes
model equation
Damage modeling
Flow Solution
Flow solution: A R 2 M 0
vz sin t 0
2

A R 4 M 10
Q sin t 10
2
J 0 i 3 2 r
M 0ei 0 1
J 0 i 3 2
where:
2 J1 i 3 2
M 0ei 0 1
i 3 2 J 0 i 3 2 J k :x Bessel
function of order
Hydrostatics
model Pennes
model equation
Damage modeling
Flow Solution
Hydrostatics
model Pennes
model equation
Damage modeling
Application
Flow rate calculation for complex
(non-sinusoidal) pulsatile pressure
gradients
Hydrostatics
model Pennes
model equation
Damage modeling
Flow Solution
Time history of the
axial velocity Characteristics:
profile (first 4 Hagen-Poiseuille parabolic
profile never obtained
harmonics) during the cardiac cycle
Presence of viscous effects
near the wall makes the
flow reverse more easily
than in the core region
Main velocity variations
along the tube cross
section are produced by the
low-frequency harmonics
High-frequency harmonics
produce a nearly flat profile
due to absence of viscous
diffusion
Hydrostatics
model Pennes
model equation
Damage modeling
7. Complete model:
Wave propagation in elastic tube with
viscous flow
Hydrostatics
model Pennes
model equation
Damage modeling
Elastic Tube Equations of Motion
2 h
t h 2 rr S
t R
2 S z
t h 2 rz h
t z
Stresses on a tube
element
Hydrostatics
model Pennes
model equation
Damage modeling
Elastic Tube and Fluid Stresses
Tube stresses (from
Hookes law)
d

S E R dz
Fluid stresses
1 2 vr
d
rr p 2
(cylindrical
r
coordinates)
S z E dz 2 R vz vr
1 rz
d 2 d
r z

dS z 2
E dz R dz
dz 1 2
Hydrostatics
model Pennes
model equation
Damage modeling
Elastic Tube Equations of Motion
2 vr hE
t h 2 p 2 2

t r rR 1 R 2
R z
2 vz vr hE 2
t h 2 2

t r z r R
1 z 2
R z
Governing equations of motion for
elastic tube
Equations of motion for tube and flow

must be solved simultaneously to
obtain , p , ,
vz , vrsolutions for:
Hydrostatics
model Pennes
model equation
Damage modeling
Flow Equations
vr p 2 vr 1 vr 2vr vr
2 2
t r r
2
r r z r
vz p 2 vz 1 vz 2vz
2
t z r
2
r r z
1 rvr vz
0
r r z
Governing flow
equations
Non-linear inertial terms can be neglected (see order-of-
magnitude study performed in Moens-Korteweg derivation)
Along with the 2 tube equations, we obtain a set of 5
equations with 5 unknowns
Hydrostatics
model Pennes
model equation
Damage modeling
Flow Equations
vr p 2 vr 1 vr 2vr vr
2 2
t r r
2
r r z r
vz p 2 vz 1 vz 2vz
2
t z r
2
r r z
1 rvr vz
0
r r z
Governing flow
Boundary conditions at fluid-tube
equations
interface:
No vr r R No vz
penetratio t slip t r R
n
Hydrostatics
model Pennes
model equation
Damage modeling
Solutions
All variables are, at least, functions of
i kz t
z and t e
Seek for k solutions
k1 ik2 that vary as:
where:
k1 : wave number (= 1/)
k2 : damping constant (decay along z)
1ei kz t
i kz t
vr vr1 r ei kz t
Solutions: e
v z v z1 r e i kz t
1
i kz t
p Pe
Hydrostatics
model Pennes
model equation
Damage modeling
Solutions
After performing an order-of-
magnitude study, the problem
statement
i reduces
vz1 to:
1 1 Equation for 1
kR E r
2
hk r R
1 2
Eh i vz1 Equation for 1
P 2 1
R kR r r R
2 vz1 1 vz1
i vz1 ikP NS / z BCs:
r 2
r r
vz1 R 1i
1 rvr1
ikvz1 0 continuity
vr1 R 1i
r r
Hydrostatics
model Pennes
model equation
Damage modeling
Solutions
By combining the 4 equations and
applying the BCs, the problem can be
expressed as a system of 2 equations
with 2 unknowns:

12
i 1 2
k 2 Eh k i k
1 1 2 A J1 R J1 R

2 R
12 12
i i
R 2

i
12

12 i 12 i 1 2
kEh i
i
1 2
A J0 R J1 R J1 R
kR R 2 E

i
1 2

hk R
1 2

Hydrostatics
model Pennes
model equation
Damage modeling
Solutions
Non trivial solutions if and only if
determinant of the system = 0
If (k/) = is the root of the
determinant:
k1 ik2

k1 Re
k2 Im
Hydrostatics
model Pennes
model equation
Damage modeling

Mathematical Modeling

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ME 7980

Cardiovascular Biofluid Mechanics

Distal pressure is lower

Pressure differences due

From exact analysis:

From control volume analysis:

p: time-averaged pressure drop (mmHg)

Balance inertial force and viscous force:

Entrance length definition:

Fatty deposits p1, V1 p2, V2

Arterial system modeled as elastic

Arteries = interconnected tubes with

Diastole (ts < t < T):

Relationship accounts for:

Infinitely long, thin-walled elastic tube of

Tube equation of motion:

Coupling with fluid motion (without

Tube equation of motion:

Coupling with fluid motion (with

Infinitely long, thin-walled elastic tube of

Axial flow velocity magnitude:

Equations of motion for tube and flow

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