SUBMITTED BY:

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STRUCTURAL Y13AP0150
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SYSTEMS Y13AP0159
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 TOPICS
Single and double layer grids
braced domes
ribbed domes
Plate type domes
network domes
lamella domes
geodesic domes
grid domes
Braced and folded structures.
SPACE FRAME
In architecture and structural engineering, a space frame or space
structure is a truss-like, lightweight rigid structure constructed from
interlocking struts in a geometric pattern.

Space frames can be used to span large areas with few interior
supports. Like the truss, a space frame is strong because of the
inherent rigidity of the triangle; flexing loads (bending moments)
are transmitted as tension and compression loads along the length
of each strut.
SPACE FRAME
 ACCORDING TO CURVATURE
FLATCOVERS BARRELVAULTS
THESE STRUCTURES ARE COMPOSED OF PLANAR THIS TYPE OF VAULT HAS A CROSS SECTIONOF A SIMPLE ARCH.

SUBSTRUCTURES. THE PLANE ARE CHANNELED THROUGH USUALLY THIS TYPE OF SPACE FRAME DOES NOT NEED TO USE

THE HORIZONTAL BARS AND THE SHEAR FORCES ARE TETRAHEDRAL MODULES OR PYRAMIDS AS A PAR TOF ITS

SUPPORTED BY THE DIAGONALS. BACKING.

LOAD
DISTRIBUTION
SPHERICAL DOMES THESE DOMES USUALLY REQUIRE THE USE OF TETRAHEDRAL MODULES
OR PYRAMIDS AND ADDITIONAL SUPPORT FROM A SKIN.

CONSTRUCTION LAYERS OF DOUBLE BRACCED DOME

FREE FORM SPACE FRAME

 ACCORDING TO GRID LAYERS
SINGLE LAYER GRIDS
A grid can be comprised of two or more sets of parallel members intersecting each other at
an angle and loaded perpendicular to their planes.
If all the members of a grid are in the same plane, it is called a single-layer grid.
used as the main structural systems for roofs and floors.

COMMON PATTERN:-

rectangular grid in which the intersecting elements are perpendicular

to each other.

The diagonal grid, in which the members are oriented in an oblique

manner to the supporting structure along the edge, has great rigidity
(or stiffness), i.e., substantial reduction in deflection.
 ACCORDING TO GRID LAYERS
SINGLE-LAYER GRIDS.
These interconnected patterns consist of two-way,
three-way or four-way configurations,
depending upon whether the members intersecting at a node run in two or three
directions.
TWO-WAY GRIDS,

T
H
R G
E R
E I
D
W S
A
Y,

FOUR-WAY GRIDS,
SINGLE LAYER GRIDS
 ADVANTAGES OF SINGLE LAYER GRID
1. One of the most important advantages of a space frame structure is its light weight.
2. It is mainly due to fact that material is distributed spatially in such a way that the load
transfer mechanism is primarily axialtension or compression. Consequently, all material
in any given element is utilized to its full extent. Furthermore, most space frames are now
constructed with steel or aluminum, which decreases considerably their self-weight.
3. This is especially important in the case of long span roofs that led to a number of notable
examples of applications.
4. The units of space frames are usually mass produced in the factory so that they can take
full advantage of an industrialized system of construction.
5. Space frames can be built from simple prefabricated units, which are often of standard
size and shape. Such units can be easily transported and rapidly assembled on site by
semi-skilled labour. Consequently, space frames can be built at a lower cost.
DOUBLE LAYERED GRID STRUCTURE
Double layer grids, or flat surface space frames,
consist of two planar networks of members forming
the top and bottom layers parallel to each other
and interconnected by vertical and inclined web
members.
Double layer grids are characterized by the hinged
joints with no moment or torsional resistance;
therefore, all members can only resist tension or
compression.
Even in the case of connection by comparatively
rigid joints, the influence of bending or torsional
moment is insignificant. Double layer grids are
usually composed of basic elements such as:

a planar latticed truss

a pyramid with a square base that is essentially a part of an
octahedron
a pyramid with a triangular base (tetrahedron)
 DOUBLE-LAYER GRIDS:
There are generally two main types of DLGs:
Direct (Truss) Grids: In this type of system the members of the top and bottom layers are in
the same plane resulting in a series of intersecting planar trusses.
Space Grids: These are made of a series of polyhedral units with triangular, square,
pentagonal or hexagonal bases.

DIAGONAL-ON- DIAGONAL-ON- TRIANGLE-ON-

SQUARE-ON-
DIAGONAL SQUARE TRIANGLE
SQUARE SPACE
TRUSS
GRIDS GRIDS
DOUBLE LAYER GRIDS
ADAVANTAGES OF DOUBLE LAYER GRID

1. They are light, structurally efficient and use materials optimally. It can be designed
in such a way that the total weight comes between 15 to 20kg/m2.
2. It can be built up from simple, prefabricated units of standard size and shape.
Hence they can be mass-produced in the factory, can be easily and rapidly
assembled at site using semi-skilled labour.
3. The small size components simplify the handling, transportation and erection.
4. They are an elegant and economical means of covering large column free spaces.
5. They allow great flexibility in designing layout and positioning of end supports.
6. Services such as lighting, air conditioning etc., can be integrated with space
structures.
7. The use of complicated and expensive temporary supports during erection are
eliminated.
TRIPLE LAYER GRID :
ELEMENTS ARE PLACED IN THREE PARALLEL LAYERS, LINKED BY THE DIAGONALS.
THEY ARE ALMOST ALWAYS FLAT.
PRACTICALLY USED FOR A LARGER SPAN BUILDING
EXAMPLES OF BUILDING
 DOMES

Domes constitute one of the most ancient forms of

construction.
However big or small their size, the outline of the
two-dimensional support is normally circular on
plan.
Skeletal dome structures can be classified into
several categories depending on the orientation
and position of principal members.
The four more popular types are: ribbed domes,
Schwedler domes, three-way grid domes and
parallel lamella domes.
 USAGE
Self-supporting domes presently find
wide use as roofs for sports arenas,
exposition buildings, and storage tanks
etc..
Numerous structural arrangements have
been devised for these domes;
particularly with the advent of steel
constructions.
BRACED DOMES
Domes are one of the oldest and well-established structural forms
and have been used in architecture since the earliest times. They are
of special interest to engineers as they enclose a maximum amount
of space with a minimum surface and have proved to be very
economical in terms of consumption of constructional materials.
The stresses in a dome are generally membrane and compressive in
the most part of the shell except circumferential tensile stresses
near the edge and small bending moments at the junction of the
shell and the ring beam. Most domes are surfaces of revolution.
The curves used to form the shell are spherical, parabolic, or
elliptical covering circular or polygonal areas. Out of a large variety
of possible types of braced domes.
 Ribbed domes

Ribbed domes are the earliest type of braced domes that were
constructed. A ribbed dome consists of a number of identical
meridional solid girders or trusses, interconnected at the crown
by a compression ring.
The ribs are also connected by concentric rings to form grids in
a trapezium shape. The ribbed dome is usually stiffened by a
steel or reinforced concrete tension ring at its base.
PLATE TYPE DOME
A dome is a three-dimensional structure generated by translation and rotation or only rotation of
an arch rib.
Thus a dome may be part of a sphere, ellipsoid, paraboloid, or similar curved surface.
Domes may be thin-shell or framed, or a combination.
Thin-shell domes are constructed of sheet metal or plate, braced where necessary for stability,
and are capable of transmitting loads in more than two directions to supports.
The surface is substantially continuous from crown to supports. Framed domes, in contrast,
consist of interconnected structural members lying on the dome surface or with points of
intersection lying on the dome surface.
In combination construction, covering material may be designed to participate with the
framework in resisting dome stresses.
Plate domes are highly efficient structure.
when shaped, proportioned and supported to transmit loads without bending or twisting.
 CONDITIONS
Such domes should satisfy the following conditions:
The plate should not be so thin that deformations would be large compared with
the
thickness.
Shearing stresses normal to the surface should be negligible.
Points on a normal to the surface before it is deformed should lie on a straight
line after deformation.
And this line should be normal to the deformed surface.
 NETWORK DOME
DUAL NETWORK DOME STRUCTURE
A reticulated dome structure has an inner structural network and an outer
structural network .
Each network has structural members connected at junctions to form various
shapes of dome structures including: vault, vault with rounded ends, triangular,
stadium, intersecting vault, and spherical.
The junctions have two plates with the structural members fastened there
between to form moment bearing junctions.
Tubular braces are connected according to a desired plan between outer network
junctions and inner network junctions to establish a desired substantially parallel
spacing between the networks and to transfer loads locally between the networks.
The network members subdivide outer and inner surfaces into polygonal areas
which are of a uniform kind in the outer network.
The outer network openings can be closed by closure panels which laterally
stabilize the outer network members to which they are connected and structurally
enhance that network.
Schwedler domes

A Schwedler dome also consists of meridional ribs connected together to a

number of horizontal polygonal rings to stiffen the resulting structure so
that it will be able to take unsymmetrical loads .
Each trapezium formed by intersecting meridional ribs with horizontal rings
is subdivided into two triangles by a diagonal member. Sometimes the
trapezium may also be subdivided by two cross-diagonal members. This
type of dome was introduced by a German engineer, J.W. Schwedler, in
1863.
The great popularity of Schwedler domes is due to the fact that, on the
assumption of pin-connected joints, the structure can be analyzed as
statically determinate
Three-way grid domes

The construction of a three-way grid dome is self-explanatory. It

may be imagined as a curved form of three-way double layer
grids. It can also be constructed in single layer for the dome.
The Japanese Diamond Dome system by Tomoegumi Iron
Works belongs to this category.
The theoretical analysis of three-way grid domes shows that
even under unsymmetrical loading the forces in this
configuration are very evenly distributed leading to economy in
material consumption
 Lamella domes
arches

hinged

midpoints

A Lamella dome is formed by intersecting two-way ribs diagonally to

form a rhombus-shaped grid pattern. As in a lamella braced barrel
DIAMOND PATTERN
vault, each lamella element has a length that is twice the length of
the side of a diamond.
The lamella dome can be distinguished further from parallel and
curved domes. For a parallel lamella, the circular plan is divided into
several sectors (usually six or eight), and each sector is subdivided
by parallel ribs into rhombus grids of the same size.
This type of lamella dome is very popular in the U.S. It is sometimes
called a Kiewitt dome, named after its developer.
Geodesic Domes

The geodesic dome was developed by the American designer

Buckminster Fuller, who turned architects attention to the
advantages of braced domes in which the elements forming the
framework of the structure are lying on the great circle of a
sphere.
This is where the name geodesic came from. The framework
of these intersecting elements forms a three-way grid
comprising virtually equilateral spherical triangles.
 ADVANTAGES
Light Weight
Rigid
All-Weather
Saves Heat
Attracts Attention

Preserves the heat like no other structures .

The warm air inside is evenly distributed and circulated.

Even the single ply domes allow being inside the dome without the
warm clothes even when it is -30 degree outside.

Heating Equipment takes 2/3 of usual power to supply enough heat

per volume unit.
 GRID DOMES
The diagram below depicts twelve different grid
dome patterns.
These represent the basic grid dome patterns being
created today but in no means represent all.
Other patterns could be variations of the ones
shown below or they could be multilayer patterns
combining patterns.
Grid domes are created by projecting a plane grid
pattern onto a curved surface.
The possibilities are endless with designing grid
domes.
 In general grid domes have a large span vs. height ratio.
They tend to be rather shallow compared to other dome types, which can be very
useful.
The patterns allow for variability in the structure, one could put glass or another filler
between the grid.
These features make this type of dome perfect for observatories and atriums. The large
span to height ratio is also useful when the site has height limits.
ADVANTAGES

1. CARRYING CAPACITY:
With large span which can resist the impact of strong wind and seismic impact, and
bear heavy snow;
2. DURABILITY:
The whole structure is easy for maintenance, and can be used for more than 50 years;
3. COST-EFFECTIVE
Fast and easy installation greatly shorten the construction time which can
reduce the costs effectively;
4. OTHER FEATURES:
Fast and flexible to assemble, secure and safe, thermal and noise insulation, water
proofing and fire prevention;
 GRID DOME ROOF
Grid dome roofs have heretofore usually been embodied in a single course arrangement of
arches. As such, a roof includes two series of parallel arches extending perpendicular to each
other in the same spherical plane.
These arches, normally I-beams, angle iron beams, or pipe beams, or the like, conventionally
pass each other at double tenon cuts formed in each beam.
The labor, time an expense which go into setting the perpendicular series of arches together in a
single course grid is considerable.
In contrast to the single course structure, a double course grid dome is
relatively simple to construct.
No tenon cut or the like are required, for example. In addition, precise
positioning of the crossed arches is not necessary to assembly.
Nevertheless, the double course grid dome has not been popular because the
disadvantages of its bulk and slightly greater weight have outweighed its
advantages.
 It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved self supporting roof structure of the grid dome type.
It is another object to provide an improved double course grid dome roof structure.
It is still another object to provide a double course grid dome roof structure which employs considerably less
structural material, is correspondingly lighter, and yet is as strong and stable as prior art grid domes.
It is a further object to provide a grid dome roof in which grid arch spacing is made substantially greater than
heretofore considered acceptable without a corresponding increase in the tendency of individual arches to buckle
sideways in arch spans between tie points.
It is yet a further object to provide a grid dome roof structure which is relatively simple and inexpensive to construct.
It is still a further object to provide an improved method of constructing a double course grid dome.
A further aspect of the invention resides in the method of constructing a double course grid dome. It is simple and
inexpensive, yet secures superior results in dome construction.
 GRIDSHELLS: FREE-FORM AND FREE-SPAN BUILDINGS

A grid shell's organic shape and column-free space provide unlimited design freedom to
architects and structural engineers.
These innovative space-frame structures derive their strength from having double curvature in
their overall shape.
In that, they are similar to geodesic domes.
But while geodesic domes are limited to spherical surfaces, gridshells may take on different
curvature in each of two orthogonal directions.
Artful use of geometry allows lightweight gridshells to span vast expanses of space.
They provide all the efficiency of geodesic domes, but with playful forms and whimsical
support conditions.
Gridshells are also known as free form domes, freestyle domes, lattice shells, or reticular
domes.
Geometrica calls its gridshells "Freedomes", its registered trademark for these structures in
use since the mid 1990s
FOLDED PLATE STRUCTURES
Design and construction of folded structures occurred at the beginning of the 2oth century
and is associated with the development of reinforced concrete.

the basic idea of creating this type of construction is striving to achieve more constructive
height and greater rigidity and reduce the net weight of the structural element

the strength and stiffness of folded construction is achieved primarily by proper design of
the structure and to a lesser extent by thickness and dimension of the elements that form
it.

this solution was possible to realize due to the development of structural systems and the
use of reinforced concrete
CLASSIFICATION
Based on geometric shape
folded structures can be
divided into

folded plate surfaces.

folded plate frames.

spatial folded plate

structures.