Structures: Article

The use
Relationship to the nouns type
What, type, example
An article is an adjective it modifies noun.
Three articles: the - a/an no article
The is used to refer to specific or particular nouns (definite article)
a/an is used to modify non-specific or non-particular nouns (the
indefinite article)
Examples:
"Let's read the book," means a specific book.
"Let's read a book," means any book rather than a specific book.
Some cautions
a/an
To refer to something for the first time.
We went to a library in Yogyakarta.
To refer to a non-specific or non-particular
member of the group.
I would like to go to see a movie
the
to refer to a specific or particular member of a
group
I just met the most popular Nobel Laureate in
Chemistry.
A Verse An

Rule:
a + Consonant

an + Vowel

Example:
a human body a one-hour drive
an hour an objective statement
Exercise: Put on the correct article

A STUDENT ADVISER
___ student adviser at ___ university can help ___ student with ___
variety of problems.
___ undergraduate adviser can help ___ student to decide on ___
major and ___ course of study. If ___ student is ___ honor student,
the adviser can recommend ___ scholarship or ___ grant. If ___
student is ___ F student ( ___ failing student), the adviser can help
with personal problems if necessary and suggest ways to improve
study habits. ___ foreign-student adviser is often ___ helping friend
to students who have come to study in ___ new country for the first
time.
Countable and uncountable nouns
Important to know whether most nouns are
countable or uncountable.
We can count books, elements, and hypotheses. We
cannot count wood, air, and chemistry.
Uncountable nouns can be made
countable in several ways.
Uncountable nouns can be
made countable in several
ways
SOLID and SPECIFIC INFORMATION have a
piece of before the noun:
a piece of wooda piece of information a piece
of cake
a piece of data a piece of advice a piece
of equipment
a piece of research
POWDERS, LIQUIDS, and GASES can be made
countable by using more specific words to describe
the smallest unit:
a grain of wood a molecule of water
Uncountable nouns can be
made countable in several
ways
POWDERS, LIQUIDS, and GASES can be made countable
by containing or limiting them:
a teaspoon of salt a crystal of sugar
a glass of water a blast of air
SUBJECTS, LANGUAGES, INTERESTS, and other
abstract nouns can be made countable only by changing them
to adjective + noun or noun + noun (noun compound)
structures:
adjective + noun noun + noun
SUBJECTS: a chemical analysis a chemistry book
a medical report a medicine man
LANGUAGES: a Chinese dinner the China Sea
INTERTESTS: a photographic plate a photography course
 Dual Nouns
They may be both countable and uncountable.
Such nouns may have a completely different meaning in each
case:
iron (Fe, an element) an iron (an instrument for smoothing clothes)
glass (a clear, hard silicate) a glass (a container for liquid)
A(n) Verse One
In some cases, the article a(n) appears to be the same as the word
one:
- Our class meets five times a week (five times in one week).
- He lost a hundred dollars (lost one hundred dollars).
- She earns $25,000 a year ($25,000 for one year).

However, a(n) is not identical to one in some cases:

- He used a tube. = He used an instrument that is called a tube.
- He used one tube. = He only used one tube, he didnt use two or
three.
Exercise: Fill the blanks with a(n) or one
Because there are many fascinating fields in science and
technology, it is sometimes difficult to decide on ____ major.
Should ____ student study ____ subject that is really interesting,
or should the student study ____ subject that will pay ____ high
salary? What if the student is interested not just in ____ subject
but in two or three? ____ solution is to select ____ combined
major (for example, biology and engineering). Many people
believe that if ____ student studies for ____ reason only for
money, his or her career will not be as successful.
 Zero articles
Donotusearticleswith:
thenamesoflanguages("HewaslearningChinese."[ButwhenthewordChinese
referstothepeople,thedefinitearticlemightcomeintoplay:"TheChineseare
hopingtogetthenextOlympics."]),
thenamesofsports("Sheplaysbadmintonandbasketball."),and
Thenameofacademicsubjects("She'stakingeconomicsandmath.Hermajoris
ReligiousStudies.")

Whentheyaregeneric,noncountnounsandsometimespluralcountnounsare
used
withoutarticles.
"Welikewinewithourdinner.
WeadoreBaroquemusic.
Weuserosesformanypurposes."
Butifan"ofphrase"comesafterthenoun,weuseanarticle:
"WeadorethemusicoftheBaroque."
Also,whenagenericnounisusedwithoutanarticleandthenreferredtoina
subsequentreference,itwillhavebecomespecificandwillrequireadefinitearticle:
"TheDataCenterinstalledcomputersintheLearningCenterthissummer.
Thecomputers,unfortunately,don'twork.
The + Uncountable noun with
qualifying phrase

The science of genetic engineering is not very

old.
The work of many researchers made the project
a success.
The last exercise on article
We submitted __ proposal to Taiwan Chemical
Company last week. ___ proposal was prepared
by our R&D department. ___ nurse ordered ___
sleeping pill for ___ patient. ____ medication
was very effective.
___ history of this element is important.
 Word game and Proverb
Amy is taking typing her assignment for general chemistry class. She can type rather well,
but sometimes she make mistakes. Read the assignment that Amy typed. There are 22
missing letter. Copy the writing, adding what is missing.

An important part of chemistry, of cours is the study

of chemical rections, changes hat occur when chemicals
ineract with each other to frm new and entirey different
substances. A chemcal reaction is an amazing thing to
obsere, and part of the fun of chmistry is watching
chemical reaction to take place. In the stuy f chemistry,
lets examie one jus to see how remarkaby the propertes
of the obsered substances chang when he reactin occurs.
Consider a sodium. It is a mtal, so soft tht it can be cut
wih a knife.
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