Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
405100005
LO 1 Kekerasan tumpul
Jenis kekerasan Jenis luka hubungan
mekanik
Tajam a. Iris, sayat Pembunuhan, BD
b. Tusuk Pembunuhan, BD
c. Bacok Pembunuhan
Tumpul a. Lecet Kecelakaan,
pembunuhan, BD
b. Memar Kecelakaan,
c. Robek pembunuhan
Kecelakaan,
pembunuhan
Senjata api a. Luka tembak Kecelakaan,
pembunuhan, BD
Types of weapon used in Blunt
Force Trauma
Agents implying intent but not necessarily
premeditated and frequently not
homicidal
Hands, foot, boots, teeth
Agents implying intent but not usually
homicidal
Whips, canes, ropes, knukle, dusters
Heavy agents often associated with
homicidal attacks
Clubbing instruments, axes, choppers
Blunt Impact Injuries
An injury inflicted by an agent which
is neither of a penetrating nor cutting
nature
Abrasions (i.e. scratches, grazes, imprint
or pressure mark)
Contusions (i.e. bruises)
Lacerations
Abrasions
Destruction of the superficial layers of skin
Types
Scratches sharp object passing across the skin (finger nails,
pin, thorn)
Heaping up of surface layers of the skin in front of the object
Grazes movement between skin and some rought surface
Longitudinal parallel lines with the epithelium heaped up at the ends of
these lines
Pressure abrasions caused by a crushing of the superficial
layers of the skin, and are associated with a bruise of the
surrounding area
i.e. ligature mark, teeth bite mark
Impact abrasions caused by impact with a rough object
reproduce the object causing it
i.e. knocked down by a motorcar
Contusions
An effusion of blood into tissues, due to
rupture of subcutaneous vessels, usually
capillaries
When a large blood vessel is injured a tumour-
like mass called haematoma is formed
There are also a patterned bruising
A deep bruise may take several hours to one
or two days to appear
A superficial bruise appears at one as a dark
discolouration
Lacerations
A wound in which tissues are torn due to blunt force
to the body (tears or ruptures)
Types
Split lacerations splitting occurs by crushing of the skin
between two hard objects
Stretch lacerations overstretching of the skin, if it is
fixed, will cause lacerations
Avulsions grinding compression by a weight such as
lorry wheel passing over a limb or trunk may produce
separation of the skin from the underlying tissues
(avulsions) and crush the underlying muscles
Tears can occur from impact by or against irregular or
sharp objects , such as door handle of a car
Character
Margins are irregular, ragged, and uneven and their extremities are
pointed or blunt
Bruising is seen either in the skin or subcutaneous tissues arround the
wound
Deeper tissues are unevenly divided with tags of tissues at the bottom of
the wound bridging across the margin
Hair bulbs are crushed
Haemorrhage is less because the arteries are crushed and torn across
irregularly
Foreign matter may be found in the wound
Depth varies according to the thickness of the soft parts and the degree
of force applied
A lacerations is usually curved
The skin on side of wound opposite to direction of force is usually torn
free or undetermined
LO 2 Kekerasan Tajam
Incised wound A clean cut through the tissues, which is longer
than it is deep
Character
The edges are cleancut, well defined and usually everted and free from
contusions
The width is greater than the edge of the weapon causing it due to
retraction of the tissues
The length is greater than its width and depth and has no relation to the cutting
edge of the weapon
It is usullay spindle shaped due to greater retraction fo the edges in thecentre
Haemorrhage is more as the vessels are cut cleanly
It is deeper at the beginning bacuse of greatest pressure. This is known as head
of the wound. Towards the end of the cut the wound becomes increasingly
shallow, and finally the skin alone is cut. This is know as tailing of the wound
If the blade of weapon enters obliquely, one edge is beveled at the expense of
the other; if the blade is nearly horizontal, a flap wound is caused
Stab wounds
Caused by sharp pointed objects, such as knife, dagger, nail,
needle, spear, arrow, screw driver
Character
The length of the wound is slightly less than the width of the weapon
because of stretching of the skin
The depth is greater than the dimension of the external injury
The edge of the wound are clean cut
Shape
If a wound will be triangular or wedge shaped
If a double-edged weapon is used, the wound will be elliptical
A round object like the spear may produce circular wound
A round blunt pointed object may produce a circular wound with ragged and bruised
edges
A pointed square weapon may produce a cruciform injury
The direction is indicated by an undercutting of the external wound, and by
the track of injury by the blade. The principal direction should be noted first
and the others next
Complications
External haemorrhage is slightly but ther may
be marked internal haemorrhage or injuries to
internal organs
Infection
Air embolism
Concealed punctured wounds : concealed
by parts of the body such as axilla,
vagina, rectum nostrils, fontanelle, fornix
of the upper eye lid, and nape of the neck
LO 3 Luka Tembak
Localization and measurement of
wound(s)
Use of a consistent reference point will allow
reconstruction of wound trajectories, which is the
primary reason for taking such measurements
described using easily identifiable anatomic
landmarks
the wound itself should be measured, generally in
2 dimensions, and described by its shape
Any soot or powder stippling should be noted,
and its extent measured as well
External wounds versus number of internal
bullets/projectiles
use radiographic examination (the number of wounds
plus the number of bullets found on radiographs should
generally be an even number)
a bullet may either exit the body, producing both
entrance and exit wounds (perforating) or
remain in the body, producing only an entrance wound
(penetrating)
possible for a small-caliber bullet to enter the heart or a
large blood vessel and be subsequently embolized or
pumped "downstream" for some distance by
cardiovascular action
Trace Evidence (soot and gunpowder)
Soot usually appears as a dark gray, featureless
deposit surrounding the bullet defect on clothing
It is readily visible on light-colored fabric, may also
be obscured by blood, dirt, or other substances
Gunpowder particles, frequently have a light color,
often with a greenish hue, and may be seen some
distance from the bullet perforation
Common configurations include ball (or spherical),
flattened ball, flake, and cylindrical powders
Medicolegal Aspects in
Firearms
The expert medicolegal examination of firearm
wounds may allow determination of several
aspects of these injuries, including the following:
Range of fire contact, near contact,
intermediate,anddistant
Type of weaponused to inflict the injury
determined by the characteristics of a wound, and by
the recovery of the projectile causing a wound,
caliber, telltale markings
Trajectoryof the missile or projectile
Type and extent of theinjuriesinflicted by the
projectile(s)
Luka tembak tempel (contact wounds)
Terjadi bila moncong senjata ditekan pada tubuh korban dan ditembakkan.
Bila tekanan pada tubuh erat disebut hard contact, sedangkan yang
tidak erat disebut soft contact.
Umumnya luka berbentuk bundar yang dikelilingi kelim lecet yang sama
lebarnya pada setiap bagian
Di sekeliling luka tampak daerah yang bewarna merah atau merah coklat
yang menggambarkan bentuk dari moncong senjata jejas laras.
Rambut dan kulit di sekitar luka dapat hangus terbakar.
aluran luka akan bewarna hitam yang disebabkan oleh butir-butir
mesiu,jelaga dan minyak pelumas.
Tepi luka dapat bewarna merah, oleh karena terbentuknya COHb.
Bentuk luka tembak tempel sangat dipengaruhi oleh keadaan / densitas
jaringan yang berada di bawahnya
Luka di tulang bintang
Luka di organ berongga bundar
Luka tembak jarak dekat (close range wounds)