Introduction To Chemistry

By
Zaiba Khan
What is Chemistry ?

Chemistry is the study of the structure, composition &

properties of matter and its transformations from one
form to another.
Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.

Chemistry is everywhere!
 Basics
All Matter in universe is composed of Atoms
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Atoms are mostly empty space.

Atoms have Electrons which are very small and are
negatively charged and have a negligible mass (mass =
0).
Electrons move in orbits around the center of the
atom - in relatively distinct areas called Energy
Levels.(aka. Orbits or shells)

Atoms have a Nucleus which contain Protons &

Neutrons.
Protons are Positively Charged and have a mass =1

Neutrons have no charge and are therefore called

Neutral and have a mass = 1.
 Sub-Atomic Particles
Part of Atom Charge Location Mass/Size

Electron - negative outside .0006 amu

nucleus (too little to count)

Proton + positive inside 1 amu

nucleus

Neutron no charge inside 1 amu

nucleus
Periodic Table
Introduction
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Using the Periodic Table
Atomic Number
17
Equal to no. of protons = no. of electrons
Periodic Table is arranged by this number
Cl
35.5
Symbol
Shorthand for the element Note 2nd letter is
always lowercase

Atomic Mass Number

Total AVERAGE mass of Protons + Neutrons +
Electrons
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Electron Energy Levels
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Electrons are arranged in Shells around nucleus in
predictable locations
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Fill seats closest to nucleus first (concert best seats)
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Seats available
l Shell #1 2 electrons K-Shell
l Shell #2 8 electrons L-Shell
l Shell #3 8 electrons M-Shell
l Shell #4 18 electrons N-Shell
l Shell #5 32 electrons O-Shell
l Shell #6 50 electrons P-Shell
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Ex. Carbon has 6 total electrons so

Two electrons on first energy level

Four electrons on second energy

level
Question: Could we fit more electrons on the second energy level if there were more electrons in carbon??
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Atomic Structure
Total no. of protons and electrons (in a neutral atom)
17 17 protons in nucleus
17 electrons orbiting nucleus
Cl
35.5 Element Name
Chlorine

Total Mass of Nucleus

36 - 17 = 18 neutrons

(Round Atomic Mass)

Notice: electrons follow energy level rules
from previous slide.
 B. Introduction to Matter
Matter: has mass & occupies space
Substance: a specific
type of matter that has
the same properties &
the same composition
throughout a sample
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Physical States of Matter

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Is the substance a gas, a liquid, or a solid?
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How are these physical states defined?
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Solid

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Has a rigid shape and a
fixed volume
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Changes very little as
temperature and
pressure change
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Liquid

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Relatively
incompressible fluid
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Has a fixed volume, but
no fixed shape
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Takes on the shape of
the container it occupies
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Gas

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Easily compressible
fluid
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Expands to fill the
container it occupies
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Volume varies
considerably with
temperature and
pressure
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Chemical Composition

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Is the substance pure (made up of one component), or
is it a mixture (made up of multiple components)?
If the substance is a mixture, is it heterogeneous or
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homogeneous?
If the substance is pure, is it an element or a
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compound?
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Substance is Pure or a Mixture?

Pure Substance: a substance from which all other

substances have been separated
Mixture: an impure material that can be separated
by physical means into two or more substances
Unlike a pure substance, a mixture can have a
variable composition not necessarily uniform
throughout the sample.
Mixtures are classified as being either
heterogeneous or homogeneous.
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Homogeneous Mixture (Solution)

Homogeneous: completely
uniform
Two or more substances
in the same phase
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Same properties throughout
the sample

eg. Salt water (solution of

sodium chloride dissolved in
water)
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Mixtures can be separated by physical means into
two or more pure substances
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Each pure substance can be classified as either an
element or a compound.
 Elements
Element: a substance that
cannot be decomposed into
two or more new substances
by chemical or physical
means
The smallest unit of an
element is an atom.
eg. Iron, aluminum, copper
& gold

Pure elements are made up of only one type of atom!

 Compounds
Compound: a pure substance
composed of two or more elements
chemically combined can be
decomposed by chemical means
The smallest unit of a compound is
a molecule.
eg. Water molecules are composed
of hydrogen and oxygen atoms

Pure compounds are made up of only one type of molecule!

 Properties of Matter
Every sample of matter can be classified and/or
identified by its physical & chemical properties
a) Physical Properties: Properties that can be
observed and measured without changing the
chemical composition of a substance
Mass
Volume
Color
Physical state
Melting/Boiling point
Temperature
Density
 Density
The density of an object is the ratio of
the mass of a sample to its volume.
d = m/v
(d = density, m = mass, v = volume)
The standard units are:
g/ml (liquid), g/cm3 (solid), g/L (gas)
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Physical Changes
Physical Change: a
change in a physical
property of a substance
The same substance is
present before & after the
physical change.
eg. Melting ice (change
from solid to liquid)
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Chemical Properties

Chemical Properties: a description of the kinds of

chemical changes (reactions) a substance can
undergo
i) Chemical Change (Reaction): process in which
substances (reactants) change into other
substances (products) with different chemical
constitutions
- The same substance is NOT present before &
after the change
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In a chemical reaction, the chemical composition
of a substance changes