Opt.

Amps
DCMs
PMD Compensation
Mux Demux
Fiber
Lasers Connectors
Modulators Photodiodes

Transmitter Receiver

Fig. 1 Components in DWDM systems (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 5)

Fig. 2 Original DWDM signal spectrum (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 9)
 Filter mask

Linear crosstalk power

Fig. 3 Filtered signal spectrum (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 9)

Interference

Fig. 4 Interference (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 11)

 a
a
b
c
d

Fig. 5 Fabry-Perot interferometer (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 13)

 Transmitted Beam
Reflected Beam

Low index
High index

Fig. 6 Dielectric thin film filter (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 15)

d d d

Fig. 7 Bragg grating (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 17)

1,2,3,4 1,2,4

Fig. 8 Fiber Bragg grating (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 17)

 Heater

and 2 L+L

L
Coupler Coupler

Fig. 9 Mach Zender filter (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 18)

 Red

i te
Wh

Blue

Fig. 10 Effect of a prism (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 21)

Fig. 11 Effect of a grating (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 21)
Fig. 12 Demultiplexing using narrowband DTF filters (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 23)
 Array of waveguides

1...n
n

Fig. 13 Functionality of an arrayed waveguide grating (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 25)

 Transmission in dB

-40
-30
-20
-10
0

-0,8
-0,6
-0,4
-0,2
0
Wavelength in nm
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8

Fig. 14 Example for the transmission of a channel of an AWG (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 25)
1 to 4 1

M-Z filter
2

M-Z filter
3
M-Z filter

Fig. 15 Functionality of a mach Zender interferometer (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 27)

 Optical Fiber-Bragg Grating
Circulator

Fig. 16 Fiber grating as demultiplexer (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 27)

ODMX OMX
O/E/O
O/E/O
O/E/O
O/E/O
O/E/O
O/E/O
O/E/O
O/E/O
O/E/O

Optical Amplifier

Fig. 17 Passage from optical/electrical regenerators to optical amplifiers (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 31)
 Tx
Tx
Tx
Booster

In-line amplifier
Preamplifier

Rx
Rx
Rx

Fig. 18 Applications for optical amplifiers (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 31)

 pumplight
Pumplaser at 980/1480nm

Isolator Coupler Isolator

weak erbium amplified
input doped fiber output
signal signal

Fig. 19 Layout of an EDFA (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 33)

 Erbium - Doped Fiber

E2

E1

980 nm Pump Laser

Fig. 20 Functionality of an EDFA (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 33)

Fig. 21 Generation of noise (ASE) in an EDFA (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 35)
 1,4
Ho3+ Pr3+ Nd3+ Tm3+ Er3+ Er3+ Tm3+
1,2 Holmium Praseodym Neodym Thulium Erbium Thulium
Attenuation [dB/km]

1,0

0,8 Window 2 5 3 4

0,6

0,3

0,2

0,0
1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800
Wavelength [nm]

Fig. 22 Materials used for fiber amplifiers (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 35)

 Excited Atoms

Pasing
photon
Incident
photon

Atoms in ground state

Fig. 23 Functionality of a Raman amplifier (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 36)

 Receiver

Amplification Signal

Pump Light

Fig. 24 Layout of a contradirectionally pumped Raman amplifier (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 37)

Power in dBm

Route Length in km
Fig. 25 Typical power graph along a contradirectionally Raman pumped line (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 37)
 Fig. 26 Typical structure of an optical fiber with common dimensions (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 41)
Fibre cross section
and
refraction index.

125

250

Otical fibres used in transmission applications have the following dimensions:

Diameter of the core approx.:8m, 50 m, 62,5 m

Diameter with cladding:125 m
Diameter with the coating:250 m
 +50
Dispersion in ps/(nm*km)

DMAT

DCROM

1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 Wavelength

in m
DWAV

-50

Fig. 27 Dispersion shifted fiber (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 43)

Doping

Doping
0 Radius 0 Radius

Fig. 28 Examples of doping profiles for dispersion shifted fiber (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 43)
 5 C-Band
Dispersion in ps/nm*km

4
F
3 NZD
2

1
undesired
0 range
1530 1550 1570
-1

-2 Wavelength in nm

-3

-4

Fig. 29 Example of non-zero dispersion shifted fiber (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 45)

 1

0
D (ps/nm/km)

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5
1300 1350 1400 1450 1500 1550 1600

(nm)

Fig. 30 Example for NZDF (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 45)

The lower
peak reduces
non-linear G.655
effects
w/Small Aeff

Intensity
Light

Large effective
area fiber

Radius

Fig. 31 Power density in large effective area fibers (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 47)
Fig. 32 Large effective area fiber (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 47)
Fig. 33 Different fiber crossections and examples for splices (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 48)
 dispersion compensation
fibre with module with negative
positive dispersion dispersion

End End
System System

Fig. 34 Dispersion compensation using compensation fiber (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 51)

 red blue
red blue

Fig. 35 Effect of chirped fiber Bragg grating (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 51)

 Optical fiber

Tx Rx
All wavelengths transmitted Dispersion causes some Different wavelengths arrive
at the same time wavelengths to delay at different times

Initial impulse

-100 -50 0 50 100

Final impulse

Fig. 36 Example of transmission without chirp (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 52)

 Optical fiber

Tx Rx
Different wavelengths are Dispersion induces more Different wavelengths arrive
transmitted with some delay differences in delay at different times

Initial impulse

-100 -50 0 50 100

Final impulse

Fig. 37 Example of transmission with chirp induced degradation (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 53)
 Optical fiber

Tx Rx
Different wavelengths are Dispersion causes some In the end all the wavelengths
transmitted with some delay wavelengths to delay arrive at the same time
but opposite to dispersion
delay

Initial impulse

-100 -50 0 50 100

Final impulse

Fig. 38 Example of transmission with chirp induced dispersion compensation (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 53)
 TAP
coupler

optical PMD
EDFA
equalizer

Detector

Electrical
Controller
Filters

Fig. 39 Layout of a PMD compensator (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 57)

 Optical output

Input current
LASER

Fig. 40 Laser configuration with direct modulation (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 61)

 Input voltage

Optical output

Constant input current External

LASER modulator

Fig. 41 Laser configuration with external modulation (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 61)

Terminal

Optical
Output
p-type

n-type

Fig. 42 Fabry-Perot laser (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 63)

Terminal

Optical
Output
p-type

n-type

Fig. 43 DFB laser (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 63)

Intensity

-15 to -25 dBm 0 to -10 dBm +5 to -10 dBm

FWHM FWHM FWHM

~100 nm ~ 3 nm 1 nm

(nm)
LED FP laser diode DFB laser diode
(MLM laser) (SLM laser)

Fig. 44 Properties of different LED and laser types (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 65)
Fig. 45 Possible laser hazards (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 67)
Fig. 46 Table of laser classes (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 67)
 Channel Spacing
Central Wavelengths

Fig. 47 Effect of modulation on the channel bandwidth (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 69)

10Gbit/s
modulation

allowable totally used

modulation
wavelengths spectral
bandwidth
tolerance range

40Gbit/s
modulation
no totally used
modulation
wavelengths spectral
bandwidth
tolerance range
Fig. 48 Spectral broadening by modulation (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 69)
 Contact

p-type
MQW stack
n-type

n-type substrate

Fig. 49 Semiconductor MQW modulator (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 71)

Phase control

Fig. 50 Layout of a Mach Zender modulator (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 71)

-
p-type

intrinsic

n-type

Fig. 51 Layout of a photodiode (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 74)

 p-type p-type

+ -
+ +

- -

- +
PIN Diode APD Diode

n-type n-type

Fig. 52 Functionality of PIN and APD diode (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 75)

Sensitivity

1.0 InGaAs
Si Ge (23C)

0.5 Ge (0C)

850 1300 1550 (nm)

Fig. 53 Spectral response of different detector materials (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 75)

Fig. 54 Function of an optical isolator (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 79)
 Port 2

Port 1 Port 3

Circulator

Fig. 55 Optical circulator (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 79)

 Physical contact Angled physical
connector LAN contact connector WAN
WAN CATV
... / PC ... / APC

SIMPLEX

FC ST SC D4 Biconic DIN-LSA E2000 Mini-BNC F-SMA

... / PC ... / PC ... / PC ... / PC ... / PC ... / PC ... / PC ... / PC ... / PC

... / APC ... / APC ... / APC HRL-10 ... / APC

Fig. 56 Connector types (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 81)

 Angled
air-gap WAN
CATV
connector

SIMPLEX DUPLEX

VFO EC/RACE HRL-11 Escon SC Duplex Duplex-MIC

FDDI

... / PC ... / PC ... / PC

.../APC

Fig. 57 Connector types (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 81)

 ATM Switch IP Router

SDH/SONET Gigabit Ethernet

1.3 m transponder

WDM transponder
add channels

1, 2..., N 1, 2..., N

electrical
or optical
switch fabric

1, 2..., N 1, 2..., N

drop channels

Fig. 58 Functionality of an optical crossconnect (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 85)

Fig. 59 Rise of the OXC (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 85)
Fig. 60 Use of bubbles for switching (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 87)
Fig. 61 Thermo optical switches (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 87)
TECHNOLOGY BASED ON SILICON MEMS

Fig. 62 Functionality of a MEMS module (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 89)

Fig. 63 Electron microscopic photo of a MEMS (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Components, 89)