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Objectives of Data
Tabulation
To carry out investigations
To do comparisons
To locate omissions and errors in the data
To use space economically
To study the trends
To simplify data
To use it as future references
Importance of Tabulation
Under tabulation, data is divided into various
parts and for each part there are totals and sub
totals. Therefore, relationship between different
parts can be easily known.
Ditto
marks should not be used in a table
because sometimes it create confusion.
For
large data more than one table may be
used.
Parts of an Ideal Table
Table number:
A number must be allotted to the table for
identification, particularly when there are
many tables in a study.
Title:
Unit of measurement:
If the unit of measurement is uniform throughout
the table, it is stated at the top right-hand corner
of the table along with the title. If different rows
and columns contain figures in different units, the
units may be stated along with stubs, or,
captions. Very large figures may be rounded up
but the method of rounding should be explained.
Parts of an Ideal Table
Source:
Tables
can be used by experts only to draw
conclusions. Common men do not
understand them properly.
Methods of Tabulation
Simple tabulation
Simple tabulation is when the data
are tabulated to one
characteristic. For example, the
survey that determined the
frequency or number of
employees of a firm owning
different brands of mobile phones
like Blackberry, Nokia, Iphone, etc.
Methods of Tabulation
Double tabulation
Cumulative frequency
tables
Simple Frequency Tables
Ifthe value of a variable, e.g., height,
weight, etc. (continuous), number of
students in a class,
Relative frequency:
Grouped Frequency Tables
Percentage frequency:
Frequency density:
Grouped Frequency
Tables
Types of Grouped tables
Exclusive type
X f
10 15 XX
15 20 XX
20 25 XX
25 30 XX
Grouped Frequency Tables
Exclusive type
X f
Above 10 but no more XX
than 15
Above 15 but no more XX
than 20
Above 20 but no more XX
than 25
Above 25 but no more XX
than 35
Grouped Frequency Tables
Exclusive types
X f
30 - XX
40 - XX
50 - XX
60 -70 XX
Grouped Frequency Tables
Inclusive type
X f
30 39 XX
40 49 XX
50 59 XX
60 69 XX
Grouped Frequency Tables
Open End Type
X f
0 10 XX
10 20 XX
20 30 XX
30 over XX
X f
Below 30 XX
30 40 XX
40 50 XX
50 and over XX
Grouped Frequency Tables
Unequal class intervals
X f
10 30 XX
30 35 XX
35 40 XX
40 60 XX
60 70 XX
70 100 XX
Multivariate Frequency
Tables
The multivariate frequency table is a statistic
method to organize and simplify a large set of
data of two or more variables in a single table.
Example:
Multivariate Frequency
Tables
Example: Multivariate frequency table
Multivariate Frequency
Tables
Example: Marginal frequency tables for X and Y
Multivariate Frequency
Tables
Example: Conditional Distribution X when Y Lies Between 300 and 400
Cumulative Frequency
Tables
Thecumulative frequencytable of a set of data
is a table which indicates the sum of the
frequencies of the data up to a required level.
It can be used to determine the number of
items that have values below a particular level.
Example: Construct the cumulative frequency distribution (both
less than and more than types) from the following data:
Cumulative Frequency
Tables
Example: Cumulative frequency table
Cross Tabulation
Cross-tabs or cross tabulation is a quantitative
research method appropriate for analyzing the
relationship between two or more variables. Data
about variables is recorded in a table or matrix. A
sample is used to gather information about the
variable.
3. Check that the grand total in the table corresponds to the number of
subjects in the sample. If not, an explanation is required. This could
be presented as a footnote. (Missing data, for example.)
4. Think of a clear title for each table. Also be sure that the headings of
rows and columns leave no room for misinterpretation.
5. Number your tables and keep them together with the objectives to
which they are related. This will assist in organizing your report and
ensure that work is not duplicated.
Cross Tabulation - Descriptive Cross
Tabulation
Example 1:
A study was carried out on the degree of job satisfaction among doctors
and nurses in rural and urban areas. To describe the sample a cross-
tabulation was constructed which included the sex and the residence
(rural or urban) of the doctors and nurses interviewed. This was useful
because in the analysis the opinions of male and female staff had to be
compared separately for rural and urban areas.
Example 4:
In a cross-sectional survey on malnutrition, for example, relationships
could be tested between the duration of breastfeeding and the mothers
age, or the mothers working status (answering previously formulated
research questions, but sometimes new questions that crop up during
analysis of the material).
Note that in such tables it is allowed to calculate your percentages both horizontally and vertically as all
variables have a similar chance of appearing in the survey. However, we will usually put the variable that is
assumed to influence the other one in rows, while the dependent variable will be put in columns
Cross Tabulation - Descriptive Cross
Tabulation
Duration of breastfeeding by mothers age