PETE 411

Well Drilling

Lesson 10
Drilling Hydraulics (contd)

1
10. Drilling Hydraulics (contd)
Effect of Buoyancy on Buckling
The Concept of Stability Force
Stability Analysis
Mass Balance
Energy Balance
Flow Through Nozzles
Hydraulic Horsepower
Hydraulic Impact Force
2
 READ:
ADE, Ch. 4 to p. 135

HW #5:
ADE # 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6
due September 27, 2002

3
 Fh

F h - Fb
Buckling
of
Tubulars l

Neutral Point
l

Partially
Slender pipe buckled
suspended slender
in wellbore pipe
Neutral Point

Fb
4
 Buckling of Tubulars

Long slender columns, like DP,

have low resistance to
l

bending and tend to fail by

buckling if...
Force at bottom (Fb) causes
Neutral neutral point to move up
Point
What is the effect of buoyancy
on buckling?
What is NEUTRAL POINT?
Neutral
Point
Fb 5
 What is NEUTRAL POINT?

One definition of NEUTRAL

l POINT is the point above
which there is no tendency
towards buckling
Resistance to buckling is
Neutral indicated, in part, by:
Point
The Moment of Inertia

Neutral
Point
I
64
d 4
n d 4
in 4

6
 Consider the
following:
19.5 #/ft drillpipe
Depth = 10,000 ft.
Mud wt. = 15 #/gal.

PHYD = 0.052 (MW) (Depth)

= 0.052 * 15 * 10,000
PHYD = 7,800 psi

Axial tensile stress in pipe at bottom

= - 7,800 psi

What is the axial force at bottom?

7
 What is the axial force at bottom?

Cross-sectional area of pipe

= (19.5 / 490) * (144/1) = 5.73 in2

Axial compressive force = pA

lbf
7,800 2
5.73 in 2

in
= 44,700 lbf.

Can this cause the pipe to buckle?

8
 Axial Tension:
FT = W1 - F2 FT

FT = w x - P2 (AO - Ai )

At surface, FT = 19.5 * 10,000 - 7,800 (5.73)

= 195,000 - 44,694
= 150,306 lbf.

At bottom, FT = 19.5 * 0 - 7,800 (5.73)

= - 44,694 lbf
Same as before!

9F2
 Stability Force:
Ai FS = Aipi - AO pO
FS = (Ai - AO) p (if pi = pO)

At surface, FS = - 5.73 * 0 = 0
At bottom, FS = (-5.73) (7,800) = - 44,694 lbs

THE NEUTRAL POINT is where FS = FT

Therefore, Neutral point is at bottom!

PIPE WILL NOT BUCKLE!!
10
Compression Tension
44,770 0 150,306

FS
FT

Zero Axial Stress

Neutral Point
150,306
Depth of Zero Axial Stress Point = = 7,708 ft
19.5 11
Length
of
Drill Neutral Point

Collars

Neutral Point

12
 Length of Drill Collars

FBIT lbf
In Air: LDC
WDC lbf / ft

FBIT lbf
LDC
In Liquid: lbf / ft
WDC 1 f
s

In Liquid FBIT * S.F.

LDC
with S.F.: f
WDC 1
(e.g., S.F =1.3)
s
13
State of stress in pipe at the neutral point?14
 At the Neutral Point:
The axial stress is equal to the average
of the radial and tangential stresses.

r t
Z
2

15
 0 FT
Stability Force: FS

FT

FS = Ai Pi - Ao Po

If FS > axial tension then

the pipe may buckle.

If FS < axial tension then

the pipe will NOT buckle. 16
 At the neutral point:
FS = axial load

To locate the neutral point:

Plot FS vs. depth on

axial load (FT ) vs. depth plot

The neutral point is located where the

lines intersect.

17
 NOTE:

If pi = po = p,

then Fs =

4
d o
2
di
2
p
AS

or, Fs = - AS p

18
Axial Load with FBIT = 68,000 lbf

19
 Stability
Analysis with
FBIT = 68,000 lbf
20
Nonstatic Well Conditions
FLUID FLOW

Physical Laws

Rheological Models

Equations of State
21
 Physical Laws

Conservation of mass

Conservation of energy

Conservation of momentum

22
Rheological Models

Newtonian
Bingham Plastic
Power Law
API Power-Law

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Equations of State

Incompressible fluid
Slightly compressible fluid
Ideal gas
Real gas

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 Average Fluid Velocity
Pipe Flow Annular Flow
q q
v v
2.448 d 2
2.448 d 2 d1
2 2

WHERE
v = average velocity, ft/s
q = flow rate, gal/min
d = internal diameter of pipe, in.
d2 = internal diameter of outer pipe or borehole, in.
d1 =external diameter of inner pipe, in. 25
26
 Law of Conservation of Energy

States that as a fluid flows

from point 1 to point 2:

E 2 E1 p2V2 p1V1
g D2 D1
1 2
2
v 2 v1
2

W Q

In the wellbore, in many cases

{ Q = 0 (heat)
= constant
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 In practical field units
this equation simplifies to:

p2 p1 0.052 D2 D1
8.074 *10 4
v 2
2 v
2
1 P
p p f
where
p1 and p2 are pressures in psi
is density in lbm/gal.
v1 and v2 are velocities in ft/sec.
pp is pressure added by pump
between points 1 and 2 in psi
pf is frictional pressure loss in psi
D1 and D2 are depths in ft. 28
Determine the pressure at the
bottom of the drill collars, if

p f 1,400 psi
q 400 gal/min.
12 lbm/gal.
D2 10,000 ft. (bottom of drill collars)
D1 0 (mud pits)

IDDC 2.5 in.

p p 3,000 psi
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 Velocity in drill collars

q (gal/min)
v2 2 2
2.448 d (in )

400
v2 2
26 .14 ft/sec
2.448 * (2.5)

Velocity in mud pits, v1 0

30
p 2 p1 0.052 (D2 D1 )
8.074 * 10 - 4 ( v 22 v 12 ) Pp Pf

p 2 0 0.052 * 12 (10,000 - 0)
- 8.074 * 10 - 4 * 12 (26.14 2 0 2 ) 3,000 1,400
0 6,240 6.6 3,000 1,400

Pressure at bottom of drill collars = 7,833 psig

NOTE: KE in collars 0
May be ignored in many cases
31
p2 p1 0.052 ( D2 D1 )
8.074 *10 -4
(v v ) Pp Pf
2
2
2
1
32
 Fluid Flow Through Nozzle
Assume: D2 D1 v1 0

Pp 0 v 2 vn
Pf 0

4
p 2 p1 8.074 * 10 v 2
n

p
and vn 4
8.074 * 10
33
 If Pf 0
Equation may be written as

p
vn c d c d 0.95
8.074 * 10 4

This accounts for all the losses in the nozzle.

1,000
Example: vn 0.95 4
305 ft/sec
8.074 * 10 * 12
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35
 For multiple nozzles in //
Vn is the same for each nozzle even if
the dn varies!
This follows since p is the same across
each nozzle.

p q
vn c d & vn
8.074 * 10 4 3.117 A t

8.311 * 10 q-5 2

p bit
C2d A 2t
36
 Hydraulic Horsepower
of pump putting out 400 gpm at 3,000 psi = ?
Power rate of doing work
F* s/t
q
p * A
A
PH qp

In field units:

qp 400 * 3,000
HHP 700hp
1714 1714
37
 What is Hydraulic Impact Force

developed by bit?

Consider:
CD 0.95
q 400 gal/min
12 lb/gal
p n 1,169 psi
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 Impact = rate of change of momentum

mv m q vn
Fj v
t t 32.17 * 60

CD 0.95
q 400 gal/min
Fj 0.01823 c d q p
12 lb/gal
p n 1,169 psi

Fj 0.01823 * 0.95 * 400 12 * 1,169 820 lbf

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