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COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
LEARNING OUTCOME
At the end of learning session, students should:
5.1 know the transmission losses in fiber optic
cable
5.2 know the insertion and return loss in fiber
optic system
5.3 understand decibel, dBW and dBm in power
measurement
5.4 apply decibel, dBW and dBm in power
measurement problems
5.5 understand fiber optic system design.
5.6 understand optical link budget
5.7 understand power link and rise time budget
5.8 design link budget
5.1 5.2 Transmission
losses and Insertion
losses
Upon completion of this learning
session, the student should be able to:
1. Identify attenuation/loss & transmission
window
2. Describe types of transmission losses
3. Define Insertion loss and return loss
4. Describe types of insertion loss
DEFINITION OF
LOSS/ATTENUATION
The other common term used synonymously for
optical attenuation. Optical loss/attenuation is
measured in decibels or dB.
Attenuation also known as the reduction of the
optical signal intensity over a length of optical
fiber or components. Attenuation (or "loss") is
normally measured in two instances:
i. Fiber attenuation is normally measured per unit
length in decibels per kilometer (dB/km) which
due to absorption and scattering.
ii. Individual component attenuation (in dB loss) for
splitters/couplers, WDMs, connectors, both
mechanical and fusion splices, etc.
TYPE OF Absorption
Loss
LOSSES/ATTENUATION Material
Transmissio Scattering
n Loss Loss
Dispersion
Radiation
Loss in FO Loss
Coupling
Loss
Splicing
Loss
Insertion
Loss Connectors
Loss
5
TRANSMISSION
LOSSES/ATTENUATION
FIBER LOSS
O O RX
TX
A A
INSERTION LOSS
INSERTION LOSS
Medium and Devices
dB formula;
dBW=10 log(power
level/1W)
dBm= 10 log(power
TRANSMISSION
LOSSES/ATTENUATION
1 Absorption Loss
3 Dispersion
4 Radiation
1 Coupling Loss
2 Splicing Loss
3 Connector Loss
Modal
Loss Coupli
in ng Dispersio
FO Loss n Chromat
ic
Insertion Radiation
Loss Loss
Polarizati
on Mode
Connecto Splicing Loss
rs Loss
Insertio
n
Loss
33
Fiber Attenuation-Typical
Specs
(TIA 568 Specs)
Fiber Type 850 nm 1300 nm 1550 nm
@
Wavelengt
h
Multimode 3 dB/km 1 dB/km NA
(3.5) (1.5)
2W 2W
10 log 10 log
1W 1mW
10 log 2 2000mW
10 log
3.01dBW 1mW
10 log 2000
33.01dBm
Exercise 1
1. 33.01dBm = _____ Watt
2. 33.01dBW = _____ Watts
3. 50 dBm = ______ Watt
4. 500 mW = ______ dBm
5. -3dBm (-17dBm) =
_____
Exercise 2
Find the length of the link A. All fiber used
has a loss of 3.0 dB/km.
Input Loss = 2 Loss = output
= -10dBm dB Link A 4 dB = -31dBm
10 Pout
Fibre attenuatio n in dB/km log( )
L Pin
10 0.3mW
log( )
0.1km 1.0mW
52.28dB / km
5.5 5.8 Understand fiber
optic system design
and optical link budget
O O RX
TX
A A
TX TRANSMITTER RX RECEIVER
OA OPTICAL AMPLIFIER
DESIGN
There are many factors that must be consider to
ensure enough light reaches the receiver.
Without the right amount of light, the entire system
will not operate properly.
PTX O O PRX
A A
where:
PTX is the range of optical power (transmitter) at the input of the optical link
given in dBm.
PRX is the range of sensitivity of the photo-detector (receiver) at end of the
optical
link - given in dBm.
TLL total loss of the passive components of the optical link,
i.e. attenuation of the fiber and optical connectors/splices - given in
dB.
TG total gain of optical amplifiers in the path - given in dB.
PM safety margin: 3 dB to 6 dB
Power Budget Requirements:
Definition : Power Budget : PRX > PSEN
Using 850nm
PTx = -15 dBm PSEN = -25
dBm
Attenuation Coefficient, = 4.5 dB/km
Number of Splice = 0
Splice Loss = 0 dB
Connector Loss = 0.5dB
PMargin = 4 dB
Fiber Loss(Link Loss) = 4.5 dB/km X 0.5
km
= 2.25 dB
Connector Loss = 0.5 dB X 2
= 1.0 dB
Total Losses = 2.25 + 1.0
= 3.25 dB
Pmargin = 4 dB
PRX = - 22.25 dB
Transmitter Receiver
Output Power Sensitivity
(LVTXD-010- (LVRXD-010-
SMM Fibre Lite) SMM Fibre
= -14dBm Lite) = -26dBm
Calculate:
1. Power Budget
2. Total link losses.
3. If Power Margin = 6 dB,
identify this system is
good practice or not
EXERCISE 2 : Determine the receiver's
sensitivity of an optical link below:
where:
N transmitter , W amplifier , O receiver
Z connector , S splice
Given:
Tx power: 3 dBm
Connector loss: 0.15 dB
Splice loss: 0.15 dB
Amplifier gain: 10 dB Prx > -10.35 dB
Fiber optic loss: 0.2 dB/km The receiver should provide a
sensitivity better than -10.35 dBm
SYSTEM RISE TIME
Calculate the Total rise times
Tx, Fiber, Rx Tx Rise Time, TTX = normally given by manufactur
Rx Rise Time, TRX = normally given by manufactu
Calculate Fiber rise time, TFiber
Tsys
Total Rise time, Tsys 1. 1 T TX
2
T RX
2
T FIBER
2
T T
O O RX
TX
A A
= T - T
= 0.4 ns
0.77 ns 0.28 ns !!