POWER FLOW

EE 150 Power System Analysis 2

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 Power Flow
The computation of voltage magnitude
and phase angle at each bus in a power
system under balanced three phase
steady state conditions.
By product computation of real and
reactive power flows in equipment such
as transmission lines and transformers,
as well as equipment losses.

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 Single line diagram
Starting point. Input data for computer
simulations can be obtained.
Bus data
Transmission line data
Transformer data

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 Single line diagram

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 Variables associated with each
bus

At each bus, two of

the variables are
specified as input
data. The other two
can be computed.

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 Three bus types

1. Swing
bus (Slack bus) one
slack/swing bus
For convenience, numbered 1
Reference bus for which V11, typically is 1.00
pu
Input data power flow program computes P1
and Q1

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 Three bus types
2. Load (PQ) bus
Pk and Qk are input data
power flow program computes Vk and k
Most buses in a typical power flow program.

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 Three bus types
2. Voltage controlled(PV) bus
Pk and Qk are input data
power flow program computes Qk and k
Buses to which the ff are connected:
Generators
Shunt capacitors
Static var systems

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 Three bus types
2. Voltage controlled(PV) bus
Max and Min Var limits QGmax and QGmin that the
equipment can supply as input data.
If upper and lower limit is reached, then the
reactive power limit is held at that limit and
the bus is modeled as PQ bus
Bus to which a tap changing transformer is
connected (power flow program computes the
tap setting)

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 Notes
When bus k is load bus without
generation

Pk = - PLk (real power supplied is negative)

If the load is inductive

Qk = - QLk

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Input data from Xmission line
Per unit equivalent circuit series
impedance Z and shunt admittance Y
The buses to which the line is connected
Maximum MVA rating

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 Input data: Bus

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 Input data: Xmsion line

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 Input data: Xfmr
Per unit winding impedance Z
Per unit exacting branch admittance Y
The buses to which the windings are
connected
Maximum MVA rating

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 Input data: Xfmr

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 Input data and unknowns

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 Single line diagram

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 Bus Admittance Matrix
Can be converted from the line and
transformer input data
Diagonal elements:

Ykk = sum of all admittances connected to

bus k

Diagonal elements:
Ykn = - (sum of admittances connected
between bus k and n
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 Nodal Equations Using Ybus
Ybus V

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 Nodal Equations Using Ybus

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 Power flow solution using
Gauss-Seidel

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