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Fifth Edition
James Stewart Lothar Redlin Saleem Watson
Exponential and
5 Logarithmic
Functions
5.3 Laws of Logarithms
Laws of Logarithms
A
loga loga A loga B
B
loga A C log
C
a A
loga ax = x
A A
loga A loga B loga loga B
B B
Thus,
A
loga loga A loga B
B
Law 3Proof
Let loga A = u.
Then, au = A.
So,
log a
C
loga A C
a
u
loga a uC
uC C loga A
E.g. 1Using the Laws to Evaluate Expressions
(c) 31 log8
E.g. 1Evaluating Expressions Example (a)
log4 2 log4 32
log4 64
3 Because 64 = 4
3
E.g. 1Evaluating Expressions Example (b)
log2 80 log2 5
80
log2 Law 2
5
log2 16
4 Because16 = 2
4
E.g. 1Evaluating Expressions Example (c)
31 log8
log8 1/ 3 Law 3
0.301 Calculator
Expanding and Combining
Logarithmic Expressions
Expanding Logarithmic Expressions
(a) log2 (6 x )
(b) log5 x 3 y 6
ab
(c) ln 3
c
E.g. 2Expanding Log Expressions Examples (a) & (b)
log5 x y
3 6
log
5 x log5 y
3 6
Law 1
ab
ln 3 ln(ab ) ln c3
Law 2
c
ln a ln b ln c 1/ 3
Law 1
ln a ln b 31 ln c Law 3
Combining Logarithmic Expressions
3log x 21 log( x 1)
log x log( x 1)
3 1/ 2
(Law 3)
log x 3
x 1
1/ 2
(Law 1)
E.g. 4Combining Logarithmic Expressions
Combine 3 ln s + ln t 4 ln(t2 + 1)
into a single logarithm.
3ln s ln t 4ln(t 1)
1
2
2
3
s
t
ln (Law 2)
t 2 1 4
Warning
For instance,
loga x y loga x loga y
For instance,
log6
log2
log
6
2
log2 x 3log x
3
2
Applying Laws of Logarithms
Assume c = 0.2.
E.g. 5The Law of Forgetting Example (a)
P0
log P log (Law 2)
(t 1)c
P0
P (Because log is one-to-one)
(t 1)c
E.g. 5The Law of Forgetting Example (b)
90
In one year: t 12 and P 54
12 1
0.2
Let
y = logb x
by x Exponential form
log
loga b y
a x Taking loga of each side
loga x
y
loga b
loga x
logb x
loga b
2. Using a calculator.
E.g. 6Evaluating Logarithms
(a) log8 5
(b) log9 20
E.g. 6Evaluating Logarithms Example (a)
log10 5
log8 5
log10 8
0.77398
E.g. 6Evaluating Logarithms Example (b)
ln20
log9 20
ln9
1.36342
E.g. 7Graphing a Logarithmic Function