Lect1 552-The Begin of Modern

1
ARCHITECTURE OF THE
20TH CENTURY
EARLY GLIMPSE
Architecture of the 19th Century
The iron,the glass
and the wood
Standardized and
industrial
prefabricated of parts
Architectural
engineering
Crystal Palace, London 1851

Joseph Paxton
The catalysts of Modern
Architecture
3
la Citta Nueva the new city Antonio SantElia

Functionalists to the
International Style
Peter Behren as the first director.
Others are,
Walter Gropius Le Corbusier

Mies van der Rohe
Bauhaus-House of Building, Dessau, Germany
Le Corbusier Machine & F. L. Wright
Organic
FLW, Falling Water, Bear Run, Penn,1937-39

After WW2 - Monumentality
Saarinen,Dulles Airport,Washington DC:1958-62

After WW2 -Pop Art figural imagery
Andy Warhol Silksreen Painting "Elvis I and II", 1964

Peter Cook,P-I-C,Medium Pressure Area,1964
Kisho Kurokawa,Takara Beautilion,Expo 70,Osaka:1970
Post-Modernist Less is bore
MICHAEL
GRAVES,PORTLAND
BUILDING,OREGON:1979-
De-Architecture question vs
answer
S.I.T.E Projects Inc.,BEST Supermarket,Houston,TX:1975

High-Tech 2nd machine age
Rogers + Piano,Pompidou Center,Paris:1971-77

Gehry,Guggenheim Bilbao,1993-97
15
ARCHITECTURE OF THE
20TH CENTURY
The Beginning of Modern
Architecture
Architecture of the 18th
16 Century
Science has the answers to the
mysteries of the universe
Architecture became simple,
refined and rational
Boullee & Newton
clear rules & principles
Greek, Roman models
17 Century
Newton Cenotaph
by Etienne Louis
Boullee
Rationality
expressionism
by Etienne Louis
Boullee
18 Century
Industrial Revolution
Era of mechanization
Built machine shops/iron foundries
Steam engine
Railways
Contribution to civil engineering

19 Century
The changes of social needs &
order
The birth of great department store
and arcades
The need to create an imposing effect
for the aristocracy
Scientific study of architectural history
begin
20
Industrialization boosted the

need of proper
dwellings/better living
conditions
Housing reform movement
sparked the housing
developments
21 Century
New building materials create

new possibilities
Iron
Concrete
Glass
22 Century
Railway stations
industrial style
First rail track built in Britain (1825)
By 1854, 9000 miles length of track
Such phenomenon spread to other European
countries such as France, Italy, Belgium,

Germany, Russia
Evolving of new structure like tunnels, viaducts,
large span station

23 Century
Railway stations
examples
King Cross Station
St Pancras Station
Large, tall, bright structure
Dilemma function and style

Engineers vs architects
How to dress a naked structure
24
The symbol of the

highest point of
architectural
engineering
Gustave Eiffel,
Eiffel Tower, Paris
1889
25 Century
The iron,the glass
and the wood
Standardized and
industrial
prefabricated of
parts
Crystal Palace, London
1851
Architectural Joseph Paxton
engineering
Urban Development
26
In the early of 20th century,

Fast growing industrial activities
Economic boom
The capitalists and land owners as
the dominant class

Their main concerns was money and profit
Urban Development
27
As a result,
The urgent needs for labours to work in
factories and construction
Causing migration to urban areas
High density population
Urban living stress and conflicts

Urban Development
28
Urban
conditions Factories,
Smokes
Traffic
congestions
Pollution
and health
concerns
Drainage
Source: www.flatrock.org.nz/.../march_of_the_machine.htm
problems
Urban Development
29
Urban living conditions

High
population
Living stress
Social conflicts
Labourers
explotation by
the capitalists
Machinery vs
Humanity
Urban Development
30
Urban living reformation

In the United Kingdom, the formation of
London City Council by young concern
architects. They introduced,
Idea of focal point
Flats with better arrangement
systems
To create a sound living and social
environment for the majority public
Urban Development
31
In London, a new urban concept was introduced by

Ebenezer Howard. The concept is known as
Garden City. It emphasised on,
Low density buildings which gives more space, light
and air to the city dwellers
Appropriate proportion between population and the
number of schools, houses and factories for better
development planning
Urban Development
32
Garden city - UK
Low rise
flats
Gardens as
part of the
planning
Urban Development
33
Liveable and
friendlier
neighbour
hood
Urban Development
34
Urban living reformation

In France, one of the most comprehensive
urban
planning was developed by Tony Garnier
between
1901-1904.
The model town based on this planning
was known as the Cite Industrielle
located in Lyon, Paris.
Urban Development
35
Cite Industrielle
In this town,
The houses are simple and cubical in
form
Large industrial buildings
Supportive urban elements and facilities
such as, towers and elegant bridges

mainly built from concrete Putrajaya
Urban Development
Cite Industrielle -
36
France
This town emphasised on the aspects,
Communal ownership of building and land
Controlling industry and traffic to avoid
environmental disturbances
Centres for communal activities such as sports
to
strengthen community spirit
No police stations and religious buildings.
Urban Development
37
Cite Industrielle,
aerial view and
normal view
Urban Development
38
The role of Architecture in relationships

with,
People
Technological development
Urban transformation
39 Century
Architecture towards
FUNCTIONALISM
FORM FOLLOWS FUNCTION

Louis Sullivan
40
Auguste Perret
House in the rue Franklin,Paris

1902-03
The first demonstration of reinforced
concrete in a multi-story building.
41 Century
Art and crafts movement in
England
William Morris
Philip Webb
John Ruskin
Avoid social problems

Arts & Crafts movement
42
Previously, it was
mentioned that such
movement evolved as a
reaction to the
mechanistic structure.
Machine vs humanity
& romanticism
The return to the beauty
of nature, traditional
arts and craftsmanship
43
William Morris and John Ruskin were the

pioneers of this movement which originated in
England. They were greatly influenced by the
work of, A W Pugin House of Parliament,
London
Morris made a strong statement,
USE meant social use for the benefit of many
not MISUSE for the benefit of the few
Meanwhile, Ruskin introduced the philosophies
called as the 7 Lamps of Architecture
44
House of Parliament, London by A W Pugin

45
RED HOUSE by William

Morris and Philip Webb
(1859-1860).
Its characteristics,
English vernacular
Exposure of materials
bricks and stucco
Simple molding
Curvilinear
ornaments leaves
and plants
Timber and built-in,
crafted furniture
46
Consequently, other European countries

began to adopt such attractive ideas to
express their own local and vernacular
architectural designs
Similar phenomenon also appeared in the

United States and it became influential to the
emergence of the famous Chicago School as
described in the earlier discussions.
47
48 Century
Art Nouveau
Vegetal forms meet new

building materials (glass and
iron)
Later developed into different

names as regional variants
49 BRUSSELS
Victor Horta
Emile Tassel,Brussels 1893

PARIS
50
Overblown decoration
Hector Guimard, Entrance to the Metro
Station,Paris 1900
SPAIN MODERNISMO
51
Casa Batllo,Barcelona 1904-06

Antonio Gaudi I Cornet
Architecture becomes sculpture

vs revival of the 19th century
52
Paris Opera
House
lavish
intricate
ornamental
exotic
vs revival of the 19th century
53
Altes museum, Berlin

Education purpose
House of Parliament,
London
Religion purpose
Tradition, nationalisme
Vs
Universalism,
globalisation
Cube instead of curve: Glasgow and Vienna
54
Charles Rennie Mackintosh
Glasgow School of Arts 1896-1909

Cube instead of curve: Glasgow and Vienna
55
Mackintosh design principles
Traditional and revivalism

(scottish farm house)
Reject Greek and Roman
Clarity and elegance in the
spatial quality of space
Harmonising various sizes of
spaces
Exploitation of artificial and
natural
lighting
Less abstract and curve (Gaudi)
56
Otto Wagner
Austrian Post Office Savings Bank, Vienna

1904-06
Bringing together architecture and engineering.
Anything impractical cannot be beautiful
Pure architecture
Reject decorative elements
Focus on technical aspect

Adolf Loos Architecture is not 3D art, but
the organization of space
ORNAMENT IS CRIMINAL
57
58
Villa Steiner, Vienna 1910

Adolf Loos
Architecture
59
UTOPIAN IDEA
Searching for the most ideal living through
sciences and technologies
The needs of proper housing after World
War 1 become of the main architectural
issues
Architecture
60
The emergence of pre-modern architectural

movement in
Europe. These movements act as the catalysts to
the modern
and contemporary architectural styles of today.
Those pre-modern movements are,

Expressionism and Amsterdam school Northern
Europe
Cubism France
Futurism Italy
De Stilj - Holland
Constructivism Russia
Architecture
61
Germany and Northern Europe

Expressionists and Amsterdam
school
Continuation of Art Nouveau

Evolved into Brutalism after WW2
Architecture
62
Design ideas and characters,

highly personal & emotional
artistic modes
less on function, more on sensational
form
free form, plasticity, no right angle
abstract sculpture, metaphor,
symbolism
anti-rationale
Architecture
63
The beginning of
Expressionism
Glass Pavilion,Werkbund Exhibition in Cologne 1914 by Bruno Taut

Architecture
64
Eigen Haard Housing Project, Amsterdam 1913-15,

Michael de Klerk
Architecture
Other examples of Amsterdam School Architecture

65
Architecture
66
evokes a giant liner..
Chilehaus, Hamburg 1921-24

Fritz Hoger
Architecture
67
Grundtvig Church, Denmark 1913-1926,

P.V.Jensen-Klimt
Architecture
68
The Grosses Schauspielhaus (The Great Theater) Berlin 1919, Hans Poelzig
Architecture
Inner Energy &

Tension in
Form
Einstein Tower, Postdam1920-24,
Erich Mendelsohn
69
Architecture
70
Einstein key ideas,

MATTER AND ENERGY
expression of spiritual
order,
internal process and the
rhythm of heaven and
earth
Architecture
71
Factory with crane Sacred building
Mendelsohns expressionist ideas in

sketches
Architecture
72
France
Cubism Key ideas,
New artistic
It has the influence language
Reject the burgeoise
of,
Use of pictorial art
Otto Wagner
(architect)
Pablo Picasso
(master painter)
Architecture
Examples of Pablo Picasso

paintings 73
Architecture
74
The Black Madonna Department Store, Prague 1911-12

Josef Gocar
Architecture
75
Villa, Huis ter Heide

1916
Robert vant Hoff
Architecture
76
ITALY
Futurism
Key ideas,
Began as a poetic movement than
expanded into
architecture
Expression of a denial of the past and a
belief in
progress
Idealism-new imagery city-modern
metropolis
Architecture
77
Manifesto 1909 (FUTURISM),

Attack on historicism / traditional culture
Championed the expression nourished by
contemporary forces and poetic sensations by

the
Industrial environment
Suggested the destruction of museums and
academies
New beauty- beauty of speed dynamism
ships, aircrafts and automobiles

Architecture
78
Antonio Santelia
Architecture
79
la Citta Nueva the new city Antonio SantElia

Architecture
80
La Citta Nouva
the new city
Ideas,
Abstract and poetic abolish
decoration
Swift, mobile and dynamic
Progressive, bold and simple
Elasticity and lightness
Mechanical analogies
Celebrating new materials
iron, glass to replace brick and

wood
Building types hangars,
stepped appartment, multilevel

stations
Architecture
81
ARCHITECTURE AFTER THE WW1

The period 1900-20 is defined as the
new direction of modern art and
architecture
1920-30 after the war, a new , more
relevant architecture backed by social
purpose came into scene.
Architecture
82
HOLLAND Influenced by,

Frank Lloyd
de stijl Wright
French Cubists
It was formed in 1917 Piet Mondrian
by,
Theo van Doesburg
Gerrit Thomas Rietveld
Jacobus Johannes
Pieter Oud
Jan Wils
Architecture
83

Composition with Red,

Yellow, and Blue, 1921
by Piet Mondrian
Rectilinear purity so
carefully considered that
the slightest change would
destroy the integrity of the
composition. I
Individual elements to
maintain absolute
equilibrium and a strong
sense of tension extending
to the outer edges of the
canvas.
Perfectly balanced
compositions rendered in
pure line and planes of
Architecture
84
Neo-plasticism is the belief that

art should not be the reproduction
of real objects, but the expression
of the absolutes of life.
To the artists way of thinking, the

only absolutes of life were vertical
and horizontal lines and the
primary colours.
Architecture
85
De Stiljs manifesto in 1918,

Rejection of all traditional
ornamental
decoration
Building should be as radically
simplified as
the Mondrians art
Architecture
86
Design ideas and characters,

Neo-plasticism
Conception of spaces
Reaction towards classical Beaux Art
Influenced by African sculptural arts, oriental
carpets and Japanese printing
Simple and geometrical
Straight lines
Plain cubes with interpenetrating flat planes
Primary colors
Architecture
87
Schroder House, Utretch 1924, Gerrit

T. Rietveld
Architecture
88
Schroder House, Utretch 1924, Gerrit T. Rietveld

Architecture
89
Architecture
90
Bedroom set and clock by

Rietveld
Architecture
91
Red and blue chair, table by

Rietveld
Architecture
92
RUSSIA
Constructivism
After the Russian revolution,
artistic and architectural expression
through art, poster and propaganda
social reconstruction to portray Russians
as the
most advance society
from 1917 to 1932 Russian artistic ideas
were among the foremost in the world
Architecture
93
Constructivism was founded by an

artist/architect named Vladimir Tatlin who
born in Moscow. He studied at the Moscow
School of Painting, Sculpture and
Architecture and at the Penza Art School.
An underlying feature of Constructivism is
that it was promoted by the new Soviet
Education Commissariate which used
artists and art to educate the public.
As an educator, Tatlin emphasized design
principles based on the inner behavior and
loading capacities of material. It was this
work with materials that inspired the
Architecture
94
Constructivist art is characterized by a total

abstraction and the acceptance of everything
modern. It is often very geometric, it is usually
experimental, and is rarely emotional.
Objective forms and icons were used over the
subjective or the individual. The art is often
very simple and reduced, paring the artwork
down to its basic elements.
Constructivist artists often used new media to
create their work. They sought an art of order,
which would reject the past old order which
had culminated in World War I. It is their
attempt to pursue a world of more
Architecture
95
Artworks, sculptures
Suprematism, 1918
Kasimir Malevich and Lazar
Lissitsky
Architecture
96
The Man with the Movie

Camera, 1929
This poster was created by
Vladimir and Georgii Stenberg, who
were members of a group of artist
engineers in the early Soviet
Union. It was to promote films that
embody the constructivist style.
This poster uses a montage of
several drawings and designs from
the film. It uses contrasting colours
and simple designs and geometric
shape. It has a very strong
Architecture
97
Model for the 3rd International

Tower, 1919-1920, Vladimir Tatlin
Russian Constructivism derived its

name from Tatlin's
construction of abstract sculptures.
This model displays the ideals of
abstraction, functionalism and
utilitarianism.
It characterised most of the
Constructivist sculptures created from
diverse materials of the industrial age:
metal, wire and plastics which
signified the strong influence of
technology
Architecture
98
Buildings and
structures
Pravda Building Project, 1923,

Moscow,
by Vesnin Brothers (Victor, Leonid,
Alexander)
Things created by modern artists must be

pure constructions, devoid from ballast of
representation
..like abstract paintings.
Architecture
99
The Wolkenbugel 1924, Lissitzky

and Stam
Architecture
100
Rosakov Workers Club, 1928, Konstantin

Melnikov
Architecture
101
Lenin Institute, 1927, Leonidov

radio mast were a major part of soviet architectural thoughts
a way of educating people in the remote areas
Architecture
102
ITALY
Rationalist
Emphasises,
Architecture should based strictly on
laws of logic
and proportion
Architecture
103
Casa del Fascio,Como, Italy(1936), Giuseppi

Terragni
Architecture
104
Discussions
Revolutionary of the voices and
languages in
architecture in responding to the
scientific and technological progress
Similarities and differences of
movements
Order and logic of the classical
Natural organism of the
Architecture
105
Italian Rationalist
GIUSEPPE TERRAGNI AND GRUPPO 7
.ARCHITECTURE BASED STRICTLY ON

THE LAWS OF LOGIC AND
PROPORTION.
Architecture
106
Casa del Fascio,Como,Italy(1936)-Giuseppi Terragni

Architecture
107
Summary
Modern architecture began as,
Social reaction towards the life
styles of the previous societies
social revolution
Industrialization
The need to change universal,
spirit of experiment, inquiry and
108
to be continued..

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1

Crystal Palace, London 1851

la Citta Nueva the new city Antonio SantElia

Walter Gropius Le Corbusier

FLW, Falling Water, Bear Run, Penn,1937-39

Saarinen,Dulles Airport,Washington DC:1958-62

Andy Warhol Silksreen Painting "Elvis I and II", 1964

S.I.T.E Projects Inc.,BEST Supermarket,Houston,TX:1975

Rogers + Piano,Pompidou Center,Paris:1971-77

Contribution to civil engineering

Industrialization boosted the

New building materials create

Such phenomenon spread to other European

countries such as France, Italy, Belgium,

large span station

Dilemma function and style

The symbol of the

In the early of 20th century,

The capitalists and land owners as

the dominant class

High density population

Urban living stress and conflicts

Urban living conditions

Urban living reformation

Flats with better arrangement

In London, a new urban concept was introduced by

Urban living reformation

Supportive urban elements and facilities

such as, towers and elegant bridges

Controlling industry and traffic to avoid

The role of Architecture in relationships

FORM FOLLOWS FUNCTION

House in the rue Franklin,Paris

Avoid social problems

William Morris and John Ruskin were the

House of Parliament, London by A W Pugin

RED HOUSE by William

Consequently, other European countries

Similar phenomenon also appeared in the

Vegetal forms meet new

Later developed into different

Emile Tassel,Brussels 1893

Casa Batllo,Barcelona 1904-06

Architecture becomes sculpture

Altes museum, Berlin

Charles Rennie Mackintosh

Glasgow School of Arts 1896-1909

Mackintosh design principles

Traditional and revivalism

Austrian Post Office Savings Bank, Vienna

Reject decorative elements

Focus on technical aspect

Villa Steiner, Vienna 1910

The emergence of pre-modern architectural

Those pre-modern movements are,

Germany and Northern Europe

Continuation of Art Nouveau

Design ideas and characters,

Glass Pavilion,Werkbund Exhibition in Cologne 1914 by Bruno Taut

Eigen Haard Housing Project, Amsterdam 1913-15,

Other examples of Amsterdam School Architecture

evokes a giant liner..

Chilehaus, Hamburg 1921-24

Grundtvig Church, Denmark 1913-1926,