STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

BDA 10903
CHAPTER 1

STRESS
AND STRAIN
 Learning Outcomes

At the end of the class, students will be able to:

1.Explain some of the important principles of
statics.
2.Use the principles to determine internal
resultant
loadings in a body.
3.Explain the concepts of normal, shear,
bearing and thermal stress.
Overview of Mechanics

Mechanics
: The study of how bodies react to forces acting on them

RIGID BODIES DEFORMABLE BODIES

FLUIDS
(Things that do not change) shape (Things that do change )shape

Statics: The study of bodies

in an equilibrium
Incompressible Compressible

Dynamics :
Mechanics of Materials
:
1. Kinematics concerned
The study of the relationships
with the geometric aspects
external
between the loads
of the motion
applied to a deformable body and
2. Kinetics concerned
the intensityinternal
of forces
with the forces causing the
acting within the body
.
motion.
 External Loads
External Loads

Body Force Surface Forces

- developed when one body exerts a force on - caused by direct contact of one body with
another body without direct physical contact the surface of another.
between the bodies.
- e.g earths gravitation (weight)

concentrated force

linear distributed load, w(s)

STRESS AND STRAIN

1. Axial load,
2. Normal stress,
3. Shear stress,
4. Bearing stress,
5. Allowable stress,
6. Deformation of structural under axial
load,
7. Statically indeterminate problems,
8. Thermal stress.
 Stress And Strain

Mechanics of material is a study of the relationship

between the external loads applied to a
deformable body and the intensity of internal
forces acting within the body.

Stress = the intensity of the internal force on a

specific plane (area) passing through a point.

Strain = describe the deformation by changes in

length of line segments and the changes in the
angles between them
1.1 Introduction of Normal Stress

The resultant of the internal forces for an

axially loaded member is normal to a
section cut perpendicular to the member
axis.
The force intensity on that section is
defined as the normal stress.
F P
lim ave
A0 A A

The normal stress at a particular point

may not be equal to the average stress
but the resultant of the stress distribution
must satisfy
P ave A dF dA
A
 Introduction of Normal Stress

Normal stress may be tensile, t or compressive, c and

result from forces acting perpendicular to the plane of
the cross-section
Tension

Compression

Units: Usually N/m2 (Pa), N/mm2, MN/m2,

GN/m2 or N/cm2
Note: 1 N/mm2 = 1 MN/m2 = 1 MPa
Example 1
Examples
Example 2

Two solid cylindrical rods AB and BC are welded

together at B and loaded as shown. Knowing that
d1=30mm and d2=20mm, find average normal stress
at the midsection of (a) rod AB, (b) rod BC
Examples
 1.2 Shear Stress
Shear stresses are produced by equal and opposite parallel forces not
in line.
The corresponding forces tend to make one part of the material slide
over the other part. These forces are called shearing forces.
Shear stress is tangential to the area over which it acts.

V Forces V and V are applied transversely to

the member AB.
The corresponding average shear stress
is,
V V = resultant forces
ave
A A = area of the section
V
The shear stress distribution cannot be
V
assumed to be uniform.

V
 Shear Stress
Depending on the type of connection , a connection element (bolt, rivet,
pin ) may be subjected to single or double shear

Single Shear Double Shear

V
V
V

V F V F F
ave V F ave V
A A A 2A 2
 Procedure of Analysis
The equation avg=v/A is used to compute only the average
shear stress in the material.

Internal Shear
Section member at the point where the avg is to be determined
Draw free-body diagram
Calculate the internal shear force V
Average Shear Stress
Determine sectioned area A
Compute average shear stress avg = V/A
Example 3

FOR THE 12 MM DIAMETER BOLT SHOWN IN THE

BOLTED JOINT BELOW, DETERMINE THE
AVERAGE
SHEARING STRESS IN THE BOLT.
ANS: 309.46 MPa
Example 4
 Exercise

Ans: d= 43.8mm

The axial force in the column supporting the timber

beam shown in P = 75 kN. Determine the smallest
allowable length L of the bearing plate if the bearing
stress in the timber is not to exceed 3.0 MPa

Ans: L= 178.6 mm
1.3 Bearing stress

Bolts, rivets, and pins create

stresses on the points of
contact or bearing surfaces of
the members they connect.
The resultant of the force
distribution on the surface is
P equal
P and opposite to the force
b
A t exerted
d
bar bolton the pin.
Corresponding average force
intensity is called the bearing
stress,

Bearing area is defined as the

projected area of the curved bearing
surface
Example 5
Example 6
EXAMPLE 6
Example 7
Try

Ans:
a)25.4mm
b)271.7 MPa
Try

Ans:
a)80.8 MPa
b)127.0 MPa
c)203 MPa
1.4 Stress on oblique plane axial loading

Axial forces on a two force

member result in only normal
stresses on a plane cut
perpendicular to the member
axis.
Transverse forces on bolts and
pins result in only shear stresses
on the plane perpendicular to
bolt or pin axis.
Will show that either axial or
transverse forces may produce
both normal and shear stresses
with respect to a plane other
than one cut perpendicular to the
member axis.
1.4 Stress on oblique plane axial loading

Pass a section through the member

forming an angle with the normal
plane.
From equilibrium conditions, the
distributed forces (stresses) on the
plane must be equivalent to the force
P.
Resolve P into components normal
and tangential to the oblique section,
F P cos V P sin
The average normal and shear
stresses on the oblique plane are
F P cos P
cos 2
A A0 A0
cos
V P sin P
sin cos
A A0 A0
cos
Stress on oblique plane axial loading

Normal and shearing stresses on an

oblique plane
P P
cos 2 sin cos
A0 A0

The maximum normal stress occurs when

the reference plane is perpendicular to the
member axis,
P
m 0
A0
The maximum shear stress occurs for a
plane at + 45o with respect to the axis,
P P
m sin 45 cos 45
A0 2 A0
 Example 8

Given: The bar with a square cross section for which the depth
and thickness are 40 mm. An axial force of 800 N is
applied along the centroidal axis of the bars cross-
sectional area.
Find: The average normal stress and average shear stress acting
on the material along
(a) section plane b-b
 Internal loading
+ Fx = 0; 800 N + N sin 60 + V cos 60 = 0

Fy = 0; V sin 60 N cos 60 = 0
+

Or directly using x, y axes,

+ Fx = 0; N 800 N cos 30 = 0

+ Fy = 0; V 800 N sin 30 = 0

Average normal stress

N 692.8 N
= A = = 375 kPa
(0.04 m)(0.04 m/sin 60)

Average shear stress

V 400 N
avg = = (0.04 m)(0.04 m/sin 60)
= 217 kPa
A
Example 9
Exercise
 1.5 Factor of Safety

The load which any member of a machine carries is called

working load, and stress produced by this load is the working
stress.
Obviously, the working stress must be less than the yield stress,
tensile strength or the ultimate stress.
This working stress is also called the permissible stress or the
allowable stress
F
or the

design stress.
fail fail fail
FS
The factor F of safety
allow
allow(FS) is introduced to ensure safety of
allow

structural elements.
yield stress
FS
allowable stress
Example 10
Example 11
Examples
Examples