Modern Geometry

Chapter IV
Non-Euclidian Geometries
(Ideal points and Omega Triangles)
Chapter I: Set of Axioms &
Finite Geometries

Chapter II: Geometric

Transformations

Chapter III: Projective

Geometry

Chapter IV: Non-Euclidian

Geometries
 1.1 Development of Modern Geometries
One of the first modern sets of axioms for
Euclidian geometry was devised by Moritz Pasch in
1882.
Paschs axiom- states that a line entering a
triangle of a vertex intersects the opposite side.

2d 1
e

A C
f 3
 1.1 Development of Modern Geometries

Paschs axiom- also states that the line intersects

one side of triangle at a point other than the vertex
also intersects a second side.

B m
l

A C
 1.1 Development of Modern Geometries

Paschs axiom- also states that the line intersects

one side of triangle at a point other than the vertex
also intersects a second side.

n p

A C

q
o
Chapter I: Set of Axioms &
Finite Geometries

Chapter II: Geometric

Transformations

Chapter III: Projective

Geometry

Chapter IV: Non-Euclidian

Geometries
Chapter IV: Non-Euclidian
Geometries

4.1 Introduction to
hyperbolic Geometry
4.2 Ideal points and
Omega triangles
 4.2 Ideal points and Omega triangles

Theorem 4.3
The axiom of Pasch
holds for an omega
triangle, whether the
line enters at a vertex
or at a point not a
vertex.
 Omega Triangle
Omega Triangle
Three sided figure
with one ideal
vertex, sometimes
called asymptotic
triangle.
Proof :
Consider the omega triangle AB.
Let l be a line entering the vertex A of AB.
Since // . Therefore l must intersect
.

l
B

A
Proof :
Same argument applies if a line l passes through
the vertex B.

A l
Proof:
Let cm(w/c is interior to AB).
Applying Paschs axiom to AB,m must intersect
.

B
m c

A
Case 1:

l
B

n
A
Case 2:
Assume that a line l intersect . (not on A and
not on B) and enters AB.
i) l intersect .(done)

B
l

A
Omega Triangle
In hyperbolic
Geometry, two parallel
lines do not have an
ordinary point in
common, but they are
said to meet at an
IDEAL POINT.
 ii) Assume l do not intersect .
a) If l // l and intersect at .
b) If l // l is a line that do not
intersect at .

B
l

A
If m is the first non cutting line through c for ,
then m and intersect at .
and m intersect at . // m
l intersect .

B
m c

A
Case 3: Let l be a line intersecting and entering
AB. Let c be a point of intersection of l and .
i.) if l intersects AB, then by Pasch axiom, l intersect
.
ii.) if l = (done)
iii.) consider AB. Applying previous case , l must
intersect

c l
A
l
 Therefore the
axiom of Pasch
holds for an omega
triangle, whether
the line enters at a
vertex or at a point
not a vertex.