CHAPTER 2

KINEMATICS
Learning outcomes:
i.Able
to understand the concept of vector and
kinematics.
ii.Able
to explain the basic concept of free fall and
projectile.
iii.Able to solve problems in kinematics.
EXERCISE 1:
1. The three vectors shown have
magnitudes
2. A = 3.00 m,
3. B = 4.00 m and
4. C = 10.00 m and angle

5. = 30 .What areA
o


a) The x and y component
B of (Ans: 3m,
0)
C
b) The x and y component of (Ans: 3.46
m, 2 m)
c) The x and y component of (Ans: -5m,
8.66 m)
EXAMPLE 2:
2. A country mail carrier leaves the post
office and drives 22.0km in a northerly
direction. She then drives in a direction
60.0o south of east for 47.0km (Fig
(a)). What is her displacement from
the post office?

SOLUTION Component vector D1
D1x = 0o (22.0 cos 90 )=0

D1y = 22.0km sin90 )=22.0km
Component vector D2
D2x = +(47.0km)(cos60o) = +23.5km
D2y = - (47.0km)(sin 60o) = -40.7km (vector
component points along the negative y-axis)

The resultant vector D has
components
Dx = D1x+D2x = 0km +23.5km= +23.5km
Dy = D1y+D2y = 22km + (-40.7km) = -18.7km
Magnitude and angle of resultant
vector
D Dx2 D y2 (23.5km) 2 (18.7km) 2 30.0km

Dy 18.7 km
tan 0.796
Dx 23.5km
tan 1 0.796 38.50
 UNIT VECTORS
A unit vector is a vector with a
magnitude of 1, with no units.
In an x, y, z rectangular coordinate
system these unit vectorsiare k
j ,called
,
with hat (^) is the
symbol for a unit vector

This relationship between

component vectors and components
is: Ax Ax i

Ay Ay j

Az Az k

A
We can also write a vector in
Ay j Az k
A Ax i as
terms of its components

When two vectors A Band represented

in terms of their components, we R
express vector sum using unit
vectors:

A Ax i Ay j Az k

B Bx i B y j Bz k

R Ax Bx i Ay B y j Ax Bz k

R Rx i R y j Rz k
EXAMPLE : USING UNIT VECTORS
Given the two displacements
D 6i 3 j k m and E 4i 5 j 8k m


Find the magnitude of the displacement 2D E
.
Solution:

Identify,F Set2 D Up E and Execute:
Letting , we have
F 2 6i 3 j k m 4i 5 j 8k

12 4 i 6 5 j 2 8 k m
F 8i 11 j 10k m


D E , F , and
The units of the vectors
are meters, so the components
of these
vectors are also in meters.
F The
magnitude of ,

2 2 2
F Fx Fy Fz

F 8 m 11 m 10 m 17 m
2 2 2
 DISPLACEMENT, POSITION, VELOCITY,
SPEED AND ACCELERATION
POSITION
The objects position
is its location with
respect to a chosen
reference point
Consider the point to
be the origin of a
coordinate system
Inthe diagram,
allow the road sign
to be the reference
point
POSITION-TIME GRAPH
The position-time
graph shows the
motion of the particle
(car)
The smooth curve is a
guess as to what
happened between the
data points
 DISPLACEMENT
Displacement is defined as the
change in position during some time
interval
Represented as x
x xf - xi
SI units are meters (m)
x can be positive or negative
Different than distance the length
of a path followed by particle
(always positive)
DISTANCE VS. DISPLACEMENT
AN EXAMPLE
Assume a player moves from one end of the
court to the other and back

Distance is twice the length of the court

Distance is always positive

Displacement is zero
x = xf xi = 0 since
x f = xi
Ex: 1
Ali walking 70m to the east then
turning around and walking
back(west) a distance of 30m.
Total distance traveled 30m 70m 100m

Displacement 70 30 40m
total distance tra From starting point
 SPEED AND VELOCITY
Speed is how fast an object travel in
a given time

Velocityindicate both the magnitude

of how fast the object moving and
the direction in which it is moving.
AVERAGE SPEED
Speed is a scalar quantity
same units as velocity
d
total distance / total time: v avg
t

Thespeed has no direction and is always

expressed as a positive number

Neitheraverage velocity nor average speed

gives details about the trip described
AVERAGE VELOCITY
The average velocity is rate at which the
displacement occurs
Average velocity = displacement/ time

x xf xi
v x , avg
t t
The x indicates motion along the x-axis
The dimensions are length/ time [L/T]
The SI units are m/s
Is also the slope of the line in the position time
graph
Ex:2
Ali walking 70m to the east then turning
around and walking back(west) a distance of
30m.Suppose this walk took 70s,find the
average speed and average velocity
Total distance traveled 30m 70m 100m
Displacement 70 30 40m From starting point

Average speed=100 m/70s =1.4m/s

total distance
Average velocity= 40m/70s=0.57m/s
Along + x dirction
 EXAMPLE 1. A RUNNER RUNS 200 M, EAST,
THEN CHANGES DIRECTION AND RUNS 300
M, WEST. IF THE ENTIRE TRIP TAKES 60 S,
WHAT
Recall IS THE
that average speed isAVERAGE
a SPEED AND WHAT
IS only
function THE AVERAGE
of total distance andVELOCITY?
s2 = 300 m s1 = 200 m
total time:

start
Total distance: s = 200 m + 300 m = 500 m

Avg. speed 8.33

total path 500 m
Average speed m/s
time 60 s

Direction does not matter!

EXAMPLE 1 (CONT.) NOW WE FIND THE
AVERAGE VELOCITY, WHICH IS THE NET
DISPLACEMENT DIVIDED BY TIME. IN THIS
CASE, THE DIRECTION MATTERS. t = 60 s
x f x0
v xf = -100 m x1= +200 m
t
x0 = 0 m; xf = -100 m xo = 0
Direction of final displacement is
100 m 0 to the left as shown.
v 1.67 m/s
60 s
Average velocity:
v 1.67 m/s, West
Note: Average velocity is directed to the west.
EXAMPLE 3
The positon of a runner as a function of time is
plotted as moving along the x axis. During a 3.00
s time interval the runner position changes from
x1 =50.0m to x2 =30.5m,what was
(a) the total distance traveled
(b) the displacement of the runner

(c) the average speed

(d) the average velocity

SOLUTION
Total distance =50 m

The displacement = x2 -x1 =30.5m-50.0m= -19.5m

Average speed=50m/3.00s = 1.66m/s

Average velocity = -19.5m/3.00s=-6.50m/s

EXAMPLE 2. A SKY DIVER JUMPS AND
FALLS FOR 600 M IN 14 S. AFTER CHUTE
OPENS, HE FALLS ANOTHER 400 M IN 150
S. WHAT IS AVERAGE SPEED FOR ENTIRE
14 s
FALL?
Total distance/ total time:

A
x A xB 600 m + 400 m
v 625 m
t A tB 14 s + 150 s
1000 m
v vv 6.10
6.10 m/s
m/s
164 s B

Average
Averagespeed
speedisisaafunction
functiononly
onlyofoftotal
total
distance
356 m
distancetraveled
traveledand
andthe
thetotal
totaltime
timerequired.
required.

142 s
 EXAMPLES OF SPEED
Orbit
2 x 104 m/s

Light = 3 x 108 m/s

Jets = 300 m/s Car = 25 m/s

 AVERAGE SPEED AND
INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY
The
The average
average speed
speed depends
depends ONLY
ONLY on
on
the
the distance
distance traveled
traveled and
and the
the time
time
equired.
equired.

s = 20 m B The
The instantaneous
instantaneous
C velocity
velocity isis the
the magn-
magn-
A itude
itude and
and direction
direction of of
the
the speed
speed at at aa par-
par-
ticular
ticular instant.
instant. (v (v at
at
Time t = 4 s point
point C)
C)
 THE SIGNS OF VELOCITY

Velocity
Velocity is
is positive
positive (+)
(+) or
or negative
negative (-)
(-)
based
based onon direction
direction of
of motion.
motion.

+ - First
First choose
choose ++ direction;
direction;
+ then
then vv is
is positive
positive ifif motion
motion
is
is with
with that
that direction,
direction, and
and
negative
negative ifif itit is
is against
against that
that
+
- direction.
direction.
AVERAGE AND INSTANTANEOUS V
Average Velocity: Instantaneous Velocity:

xx xx22 xx11 xx
vvavg
avg
vvinst
inst
((tt
0)
0)
tt tt22 tt11 tt

slope

Displacement, x
x2
x
x
x1
t
t

t1 t2 Time
 DEFINITION OF ACCELERATION

An acceleration is the change in velocity

per unit of time. (A vector quantity.)
A change in velocity requires the
application of a push or pull (force).

A formal treatment of force and acceleration will be given later. For now, you
should know that:

The direction of accel- eration is The acceleration is proportional to the

same as direction of force. magnitude of the force.
 ACCELERATION AND FORCE

F
a
2F
2a

Pulling
Pulling the
the wagon
wagon with
with twice
twice the
the force
force
produces
produces twice
twice the
the acceleration
acceleration and
and
acceleration
acceleration is
is in
in direction
direction of
of force.
force.
 EXAMPLE OF ACCELERATION

+ Force
t=3s

v0 = +2 m/s vf = +8 m/s

The wind changes the speed of a boat

from 2 m/s to 8 m/s in 3 s. Each
second the speed changes by 2 m/s.
Wind
Windforce
forceisisconstant,
constant,thus
thusacceleration
accelerationisisconstant.
constant.
 THE SIGNS OF ACCELERATION

Acceleration

Acceleration is
is positive
positive (+)
(+) or
or negative
negative
(-)
(-) based
based on
on the
the direction
direction of
of force.
force.

+ Choose
Choose ++ direction
direction first.
first.
F a (-) Then acceleration aa will
Then acceleration will
have
have the
the same
same sign sign as
as
that
that of
of the
the force
force FF
a(+) regardless
regardless of of the
the
F direction
direction of
of velocity.
velocity.
2.3.4 ACCELERATION
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity

AVERAGE ACCELERATION
Average acceleration is the rate of change of
the velocity v x v xf v xi
ax ,avg
t tf t i

Dimensions are L/T2

SI units are m/s

In one dimension, positive and negative can

be used to indicate direction
Constant velocity

Varying velocity
 EXAMPLE 3 (NO CHANGE IN DIRECTION):
A CONSTANT FORCE CHANGES THE
SPEED OF A CAR FROM 8 M/S TO 20 M/S
IN 4 S. WHAT IS AVERAGE
ACCELERATION?
+ Force
t=4s

v1 = +8 m/s v2 = +20 m/s

Step 1. Draw a rough sketch.

Step 2. Choose a positive direction (right).
Step 3. Label given info with + and - signs.

Step 4. Indicate direction of force F.

 EXAMPLE 3 (CONTINUED): WHAT IS
AVERAGE ACCELERATION OF CAR?

+ Force
t=4s

v1 = +8 m/s v2 = +20 m/s

Step 5. Recall definition of average

20 m/s - 8 m/s
acceleration. a 3 m/s
4s
vv vv22 vv11
aaavg
avg

tt tt22 tt11
a 3 m/s, rightward
EXAMPLE 4: A WAGON MOVING EAST AT 20
M/S ENCOUNTERS A VERY STRONG HEAD-
WIND, CAUSING IT TO CHANGE DIRECTIONS.
AFTER 5 S, IT IS TRAVELING WEST AT 5 M/S.
WHAT IS THE AVERAGE ACCELERATION? (BE
CAREFUL OF SIGNS.)

+ Force
E
vf = -5 m/s vo = +20 m/s

Step 1. Draw a rough sketch.

Step 2. Choose the eastward direction as positive.

Step 3. Label given info with + and - signs.

EXAMPLE 4 (CONT.): WAGON MOVING EAST
AT 20 M/S ENCOUNTERS A HEAD-WIND,
CAUSING IT TO CHANGE DIRECTIONS.
FIVE SECONDS LATER, IT IS TRAVELING
WEST AT 5 M/S. WHAT IS THE AVERAGE
ACCELERATION?
Choose
Choose the the eastward
eastward direction
direction asas positive.
positive.
Initial
Initial velocity,
velocity, vvoo == +20+20 m/s,
m/s, east
east (+) (+)
Final
Final velocity,
velocity, vvf f == -5
-5 m/s,
m/s, west
west (-) (-)
The
The change
change in velocity, vv == vvf f -- vv00
in velocity,
vv == (-5
(-5 m/s)
m/s) -- (+20
(+20 m/s) m/s) == -25
-25 m/s
m/s
 Example 4: (Continued)
+ Force
E
vo = +20 m/s
vf = -5 m/s
v = (-5 m/s) - (+20 m/s) = -25 m/s

v vf - vo -25 m/s
aavg = t = tf - to a= 5s

Acceleration is directed to left, west (same

aa == -- 55 m/s
m/s22 as F).
 Signs for Displacement
+ C Force
D E
A B
vf = -5 m/s vo = +20 m/s a = - 5 m/s2

Time t = 0 at point A. What are the signs

(+ or -) of
displacement at B, C, and D?
At B, x is positive, right of origin
At C, x is positive, right of origin
At D, x is negative, left of origin
 Signs for Velocity
+ x=0
C Force
D E
A B
vf = -5 m/s vo = +20 m/s a = - 5 m/s2

What are the signs (+ or -) of velocity at

points B, C, and D?

At B, v is zero - no sign needed.

At C, v is positive on way out and
negative on the way back.
At D, v is negative, moving to left.
 Signs for Acceleration
+ C Force
D E
A B
vf = -5 m/s vo = +20 m/s a = - 5 m/s2

What are the signs (+ or -) of acceleration at

points B, C, and D?

At B, C, and D, a = -5 m/s, negative at all points.

The force is constant and always directed to left, so acceleration

does not change.
EXERCISE
1. The position of an object moving along an
x axis xis 3given
t t 2 2by
t3 where x is in
meters and t in seconds. Find the position
of the object at the following values of t
a) 2 seconds. (Ans: 12 m)

b) What is the objects displacement between

t = 0 and t = 4 (Ans: 156 m)
c) What is its average velocity for the time
interval from t=2s to t=4s? (Ans: 72 m/s)
d) What is its average acceleration for the
time interval from t=2s to t=4s? (Ans: 36 m/s2 )
2.4.1 INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY
The limit of the average velocity
as the time interval becomes
infinitesimally short, or as the
time interval approaches zero
The instantaneous velocity
indicates what is happening at
every point of time
On a graph of a particles position vs.
time, the instantaneous velocity is the
tangent to the curve at any point.

the average velocity over the time interval ti

t1 (which is the slope of P1Pi) is less than the
. Graph of a particles position x vs. time .The
average velocity over the time interval t2 t1.
slope of the straight line P1P2 represents the
The slope of the thin line tangent to the curve
average velocity of the particle during the time
at point P1 equals the instantaneous velocity
interval
t = t2 t1. at time t1.
INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY, GRAPH
The instantaneous
velocity is the slope of
the line tangent to the
x vs. t curve
This would be the
green line
The light blue lines
show that as t gets
smaller, they approach
the green line
INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY,
EQUATIONS
The general equation for instantaneous
velocity is
x dx
v x lim
t 0 t dt
The instantaneous velocity can be
positive, negative, or zero
2.4.2 INSTANTANEOUS SPEED
The
instantaneous speed is the
magnitude of the instantaneous velocity

Theinstantaneous speed has no direction

associated with it
EXAMPLE
1.A jet engine moves along an experimental track.
We will treat the engine as if it were a particle.
Its position as a function of time is given by the
equation x=At2+B, where
A = 2.10m/s2 and B= 2.80m,
Determine.
a)the displacement of the engine during the time
interval t1 = 3.00s and t2 = 5.00s
b)the average velocity during this time interval
c) the magnitude of the instantaneous velocity at t
= 5.00s
SOLUTION
a) At t1 = 3.00s, the position is
x1 At12 B (2.10m / s 2 )(3.00 s ) 2 2.80m 21.7 m
At t2 = 5.00s, the position is
x2 (2.10m / s 2 )(5.00 s) 2 2.80m 55.3m
The displacement is thus
x2 -x1 = 55.3m-21.7m = 33.6m
b)The magnitude of the average velocity
x x2 x1 33.6m
v 16.8m / s
t t 2 t1 2.00 s
c) Instantaneous velocity
dx d
v ( At 2 B) 2 At
dt dt
v2 2 At 2(2.10m / s 2 )(5.00 s) 21.0m / s
 DEFINITIONS
Average velocity:

xx xx22 xx11
vvavg
avg

tt tt22 tt11

Average acceleration:

vv vv22 vv11
aaavg
avg

tt tt22 tt11
 VELOCITY FOR CONSTANT
ACCELERATION

Average velocity: Average velocity:

xx xxf f xx00

vv00 vvff
vvavg
avg
tt ttf f tt00 vvavg
avg
22
Setting to = 0 and combining we have:

vv00 vvff
xx xx00 tt
22
 CONSTANT ACCELERATION

vv vvff vv00
Acceleration: aaavg


avg
tt ttff tt00

Setting to = 0 and solving for v, we have:

vvff vv00 at
at

Final velocity = initial velocity + change in velocity

FORMULAS BASED ON DEFINITIONS:
vv00 vvff
xx xx00 tt vvff vv00 at
at
22
Derived formulas:
formulas
xx xx00 vv00tt at
11
22at
22
xx xx00 vvfftt at
11
22
22
at

22aa((xx xx00)) vv vv
22
ff
22
00

For constant acceleration only

KINEMATIC EQUATIONS
The kinematic equations can be used with any
particle under uniform acceleration.

The kinematic equations may be used to solve

any problem involving one-dimensional motion
with a constant acceleration

You may need to use two of the equations to solve

one problem

Many times there is more than one way to

solve a problem
KINEMATIC EQUATIONS
SUMMARY
KINEMATIC EQUATIONS, SPECIFIC
FOR CONSTANT ACCELERATION
1- The average velocity

v xi v xf
v x ,avg
2
2- The position of the particle in terms of time and
velocities is:

1
xf xi v x ,avg t xi v xi v fx t
2
3- Final position in terms of velocity and
acceleration
1 2
xf xi v xi t ax t
2
Doesnt tell you about final velocity

4- final velocity in terms of acceleration and

displacement

v xf2 v xi2 2ax xf xi

When a = 0
When the acceleration is zero,

vxf = vxi = vx
xf = xi + vx t

The constant acceleration model reduces to the

constant velocity model
EXAMPLE 5: A BALL 5 M FROM THE BOTTOM OF
AN INCLINE IS TRAVELING INITIALLY AT 8 M/S.
FOUR SECONDS LATER, IT IS TRAVELING DOWN
THE INCLINE AT 2 M/S. HOW FAR IS IT FROM
THE BOTTOM
+ AT THAT INSTANT?
F
x
vf
vo
5m -2 m/s
Careful
8 m/s t=4s

vo + vf 8 m/s + (-2 m/s)

x = xo + t =5m+ 2 (4 s)
2
 (Continued)

+ F
x
vf
vo
5m -2 m/s
8 m/s t=4s

8 m/s + (-2 m/s)

x=5m+ 2 (4 s)

8 m/s - 2 m/s
x=5m+ 2 (4 s) xx == 17
17 m
m
 ACCELERATION IN OUR EXAMPLE

+ F
v f v0 at x v
vo
v f v0
a
-2 m/s
5m
t 8 m/s t=4s

(2 m/s) (8 m/s)
a 2 m/s 2

4s
The force
What is thechanging
meaning
aa == -2.50 m/s
-2.50 m/s22
of negative
speed is down
signplane!
for a?
USE OF INITIAL POSITION X0 IN
PROBLEMS.
0
vv00 vvff IfIfyou
you choose
choosethe the origin
origin
xx xx00 tt of
ofyour
yourx,y
x,yaxes
axesat at the
the
22 point
pointof ofthe
theinitial
initial
0 position,
position, youyoucan
cansetset
xx xx00 vv00tt at
11
22at
22 xx00 ==0,
0, simplifying
simplifyingthese
these
equations
equations. .
0
xx xx00 vvfftt at
11
22at
22

0
The xo term is very useful for
22aa((xx xx00)) vv vv
22
ff
22
00 studying problems involving motion
of two bodies.

vvff vv00 at
at
REVIEW OF SYMBOLS AND UNITS

Displacement
Displacement (x,
(x, xxoo);); meters
meters (m)
(m)
Velocity
Velocity (v,
(v, vvoo);); meters
meters per
per second
second (m/s)
(m/s)
Acceleration

Acceleration (a);
(a); meters
meters per
per ss22 (m/s
(m/s22))
Time

Time (t);
(t); seconds
seconds (s)
(s)

Review sign convention for each symbol

 THE SIGNS OF DISPLACEMENT
Displacement

Displacement is is positive
positive (+)
(+) or
or
negative
negative (-)
(-) based
based on
on LOCATION.
LOCATION.

2m The displacement is
the y-coordinate.
Whether motion is up
-1 m or down, + or - is
-2 m based on
LOCATION.
 THE SIGNS OF VELOCITY
Velocity

Velocity is
is positive
positive (+)
(+) or
or negative
negative (-)
(-)
based
based on
on direction
direction of
of motion.
motion.
+
+ - First choose + direction;
then velocity v is positive
if motion is with that +
direction, and negative if
+
- it is against that positive
direction.
 ACCELERATION PRODUCED BY
FORCE
Acceleration

Acceleration is
is (+)
(+) or
or (-)
(-) based
based on
on
direction
direction of
of force
force (NOT
(NOT based
based on
on v).
v).

A push or pull (force) is

F necessary to change
a(-)
velocity, thus the sign of
a is same as sign of F.

F a(+) More will be said later

on the relationship
between F and a.
 PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGY:
Draw and label sketch of problem.
Indicate + direction and force direction.
List givens and state what is to be found.

Given: ____, _____, _____ (x,v,vo,a,t)

Find: ____, _____
Select equation containing one and not
the other of the unknown quantities, and
solve for the unknown.
EXAMPLE 6: A AIRPLANE FLYING
INITIALLY AT 400 FT/S LANDS ON A
CARRIER DECK AND STOPS IN A DISTANCE
OF 300 FT. WHAT IS THE ACCELERATION?
+400 ft/s
v=0 300 ft
F vo
+
X0 = 0

Step 1. Draw and label sketch.

Step 2. Indicate + direction and F direction.
 EXAMPLE:
(CONT.) +400 ft/s
v=0 300 ft
vo
+ F
X0 = 0

Step 3. List given; find Given: vo = +400 ft/s

information with signs. v=0
x = +300 ft
List t = ?, even though
time was not asked for. Find: a = ?; t = ?
 Continued . . .
x +400 ft/s
v=0 300 ft
vo
+ F
X0 = 0

0 0
Step 4. Select equation
that contains a and not t. 2a(x -xo) = v2 - vo2
Initial position and final velocity
are zero.
-vo 2 -(400 ft/s)2
a= = 2(300 ft) aa == -- 267 ft/s
267 ft/s 22
2x
Why is the acceleration
Because Force is in a negative?
negative
direction!
 ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY

Every

Every object
object on
on the
the earth
earth
experiences
experiences aa common
common force:
force: the
the
force
force due
due to
to gravity.
gravity.
This

This force
force is
is always
always directed
directed
toward
toward thethe center
center of
of the
the earth
earth g W
(downward).
(downward).
The

The acceleration
acceleration duedue toto gravity
gravity
is
is relatively
relatively constant
constant near
near the
the
Earths
Earths surface.
surface.
Earth
 GRAVITATIONAL ACCELERATION

In

In aa vacuum,
vacuum, all
all objects
objects fall
fall
with
with same
same acceleration.
acceleration.
Equations

Equations for
for constant
constant
acceleration
acceleration apply
apply as
as usual.
usual.
Near

Near the
the Earths
Earths surface:
surface:

a = g = 9.80 m/s2 or 32 ft/s2

Directed downward (usually negative).
 SIGN
CONVENTION: A
av
= -= BALL THROWN
y=0
+
VERTICALLY
a=- UPWARD
vy==++ yav=
= -+
=- Displacement
Displacementisispositive
positive(+)
(+)
or
ornegative
negative(-)
(-)based
basedonon
UP = +
LOCATION
LOCATION..
Release Point vay=
==--0

Velocity
Velocityisispositive
positive(+)
(+)or
or
negative (-) based on
negative (-) based on
direction
directionof
ofmotion
motion..

yv=
=
a=-
--Negative
Negative
Acceleration is (+) or (-)
based on direction of force
(weight).
Tippens
 SAME PROBLEM SOLVING
STRATEGY EXCEPT
a=g
Draw and label sketch of problem.
Indicate + direction and force direction.
List givens and state what is to be found.

Given: ____, _____, a = - 9.8 m/s2

Find: ____, _____

Select equation containing one and not

the other of the unknown quantities, and
solve for the unknown.
EXAMPLE 7: A BALL IS THROWN VERTICALLY
UPWARD WITH AN INITIAL VELOCITY OF 30
M/S. WHAT ARE ITS POSITION AND VELOCITY
AFTER 2 S, 4 S, AND 7 S?
Step 1. Draw and
label a sketch.
+
Step 2. Indicate + direction
a=g
and force direction.
Step 3. Given/find info.

a = -9.8 ft/s2 t = 2, 4, 7 s
vo = +30 m/s
vo = + 30 m/s y = ? v = ?
 FINDING
DISPLACEMENT:
Step 4. Select equation
that contains y and not v. +
0 a=g
y y0 v0t at 1
2
2

y = (30 m/s)t + (-9.8 m/s2)t2

Substitution of t = 2, 4, and 7 s vo = 30 m/s
will give the following values:

yy == 40.4
40.4 m;
m; yy == 41.6
41.6 m;
m; yy == -30.1
-30.1 m
m
 FINDING VELOCITY:
Step
Step 5.
5. Find
Find vv from
from equation
equation
that
+
that contains
contains vv and
and not
not x:
x:
a=g
vvff vv00 at
at
v f 30 m/s (9.8 m/s )t 2

vo = 30 m/s
Substitute t = 2, 4, and 7 s:

vv == +10.4
+10.4 m/s;
m/s; vv == -9.20
-9.20 m/s;
m/s; vv == -38.6
-38.6 m/s
m/s
EXAMPLE 7: (CONT.) NOW
FIND THE MAXIMUM HEIGHT
ATTAINED:
Displacement is a maximum when the velocity
vf is zero. +
a=g
v f 30 m/s (9.8 m/s )t 0 2

30 m/s
t 2
; t 3.06 s
9.8 m/s
To find ymax we substitute t = 3.06 s into vo = +96 ft/s
the general equation for displacement.

y = (30 m/s)t + (-9.8 m/s2)t2

EXAMPLE 7: (CONT.) FINDING THE
MAXIMUM HEIGHT:
y = (30 m/s)t + (-9.8 m/s2)t2 t = 3.06 s

Omitting units, we obtain:

+
a=g y (30)(3.06) (9.8)(3.06)
1
2
2

y = 91.8 m - 45.9 m

vo =+30 m/s
ymax = 45.9 m
 SUMMARY OF FORMULAS
vv00 vvff
xx xx00 tt vvff vv00 at
at
22
Derived Formulas:
Formulas
xx xx00 vv00tt at
11
22at
22
xx xx00 vvfftt at
11
22
22
at

22aa((xx xx00)) vv vv
22
ff
22
00

For Constant Acceleration Only

 FREELY FALLING OBJECT
One of the most common examples of
motion with constant acceleration is when
an object allowed to fall freely near the
Earths surface.
Galileo
Galilei (1564-1642) claimed that all
object light or heavy fall with the same
acceleration at least in the absence of air.

Fig. 1: Falling apple at equal time interval.

The apple falls farther during each
successive interval, which means it is
accelerating
 Galileos specific contribution about motion of falling
objects:
At a given location on the earth and in the absence of
air resistance, all objects fall with the same constant
accelerationThis acceleration is due to the gravity,
g = 9.80 ms-2
The effect of air resistance are often small and we will
neglect them for the most part.

When dealing with freely falling object, we

can make use of kinematics equation for
constant acceleration a = g = 9.80 ms-2
If motion is vertical,
substitute
y in x and yo in xo,
yo = 0 (unless
specified)
vo is initial velocity,
EXAMPLE
1. Suppose that a ball is dropped (v o = 0) from
a tower 70.0m high. How far will it have
fallen after a time t1= 1.00s, t2 = 2.00s and
t3 = 3.00s?
SOLUTION
Acceleration a = g =9.80m/s2, vo= 0 and yo= 0
t = t1 = 1.00s
1 2
y1 yo vo t
at
2
1
0 0(1.00s) (9.80ms 2 )(1.00 s ) 2
2
4.90m
and so on for t2 = 2.00s and t3 = 3.00s
EXERCISE
1. Suppose the ball is thrown downward
with an initial velocity of 3.00m/s instead
of being dropped.
a) What then would be its position after
1.00s and 2.00s? (Ans: 7.9m and 25.6 m)
b) What would its speed be after 1.00s and
2.00s. (Ans: 12.8 m/s and 22.6 m/s)
2.5.2 PROJECTILE MOTION
Anobject may move in both the x
and y directions simultaneously

Theform of two-dimensional motion

we will deal with is called projectile
motion
ASSUMPTIONS OF PROJECTILE
MOTION
The free-fall acceleration is constant over
the range of motion
It is directed downward
This is the same as assuming a flat Earth
over the range of the motion
It is reasonable as long as the range is
small compared to the radius of the Earth
The effect of air friction is negligible
With these assumptions, an object in
projectile motion will follow a parabolic path
This path is called the trajectory
PROJECTILE MOTION DIAGRAM
ANALYZING PROJECTILE MOTION
Consider the motion as the superposition of the
motions in the x- and y-directions
The actual position at any time is given by:
1
y yo v y o t gt
2
The initial velocity, vo can be expressed in terms
of its x and y components
vxo = vo cos and vyo = vo sin
The x-direction has constant velocity
ax = 0
The y-direction is free fall
ay = -g
Projectile motion is motion with constant
acceleration in two dimensions, where the
acceleration is g and is down.
EFFECTS OF CHANGING INITIAL
CONDITIONS
The velocity vector
components depend
on the value of the
initial velocity
Change the angle
and note the effect
Change the
magnitude and
note the effect
 RANGE AND MAXIMUM HEIGHT OF A
PROJECTILE

When analyzing
projectile motion, two
characteristics are of
special interest
The range, R, is the
horizontal distance of
the projectile
The maximum height
the projectile reaches
is h
 ZERO PROJECTION ANGLE
Vyo = 0
V = velocity
Click to watch video
Vxo (initial
-y velocity)
V1x = Vxo

V1y negative V1

V2x = Vxo
y = yo + Vyo t ay t2

y = - gt2 V2
V2y negative
x = xo + Vxo t ax t2
= Vxo t
x
CASE STUDY: ZERO PROJECTION
ANGLE
A ball was thrown horizontally with
initial velocity 40 m/s from the height
of 3 m. Calculate:

a.The time taken to reach the ground.

b.The range, R of the ball was thrown.
A BALL WAS THROWN HORIZONTALLY WITH
INITIAL VELOCITY 40 M/S FROM THE HEIGHT
OFa.3The
M.time taken to reach the ground.
b. The range of the ball was thrown.
Vyo = 0 m/s
Vxo = 40 m/s

y = -3m

y = yo + Vyo t ay t2
y = yo + Vyo t gy t2
-3 = 0 0(t) - (9.81) (t2)
(-3) / (-4.905) = t2
0.6 = t2
x@R = xo + Vxo t ax t2
t = 0.78 s
= 0 + (40) (0.78) (0) t2
= 31.2 m

x@R
SOLVING PROBLEMS INVOLVING
PROJECTILE MOTION

Exercise: Driving off a cliff.

A movie stunt driver on a
motorcycle speeds
horizontally off a 50.0-m-
high cliff. How fast must the
motorcycle leave the cliff
top to land on level ground
below, 90.0 m from the base
of the cliff where the
cameras are? Ignore air
resistance. (Ans: 3.19 s and 28.2 m/s)
 SOLUTION :
We choose y- direction to be positive upward, with the
top of cliff as y0 =0
The x-direction is horizontal with x0 =0 at the point
The time interval to begin (t =0 )
ax =0 (in horizontal x-direction ) ,so the velocity is
constant .
The value of x when motorcycle reach ground x=+90 m
ay =-g = -9.8 m/s2
the value of y when motorcycle reach ground y =-50 m
The initial velocity vx0 is unknown
The vertical velocity is zero vy0 =0
To find out how long it takes the motorcycle to reach the ground below

We use :
1 2 Known values
y y0 v y 0t a yt
2 x0 y0 0
1
0 0 g t 2 x 90.0m
2 y 50.0m
1
gt 2 ax 0
2
a y g 9.8m / s 2
We solve for t and set y=-50.0 m vy0 0

2y 2 50.0m Unknown values

t 3.19 s
g 9.8m / s 2
vx0
t
To calculate the initial velocity vx0 for horizontal x- direction with
ax =0 and x0 =0 :

1
x x0 vx 0t at 2
2
0 vx 0 0
or
x v x 0t
x 90.0m
vx 0 28.2m / s
t 3.19 s
 With projection angle
Ifan object is projected at an upward
angle there is an initial vertical, Vy0
and horizontal, Vxo component of
velocity.
Vxo Vo cos
Vy o Vo sin
 WITH PROJECTION ANGLE
V3y = 0
V2y positive V2 V3 V4x = Vx
V3x = Vx
V1y positive V1 V2x = Vx V4
V4y negative
y V5x = Vx
V1x = Vx
Vyo =
= Vy
Vertical component = Vo sin V5y negative V5
Vo = initial velocity
V6x = Vx

Vxo = Vx
Vxo = Horizontal component V6y negative V6
= Vo cos
x
Vy = Vyo gy t
y = Vyo t gy t2
position=V t g t2 V=Vgt
x = Vxo t gx t2
= Vxo t Vx = Vxo gx t
= Vxo
CASE STUDY: WITH PROJECTION
ANGLE
A ball was thrown with an inclination
degree of 20 from the horizon and
initial velocity of 12m/s. Calculate:

a. The highest point the ball can

reach
b. The range of the ball was thrown
 A ball
b. wasrange
a. The
The thrownofwith
highest the an
point inclination
ball
thewas degree of
ballthrown
can
20 from the horizon and initial velocity of 12m/s.
reach
Vx = Vxo
At the highest point: t1 = 0.42 s
Vy = 0

At the highest point:

Vyo = Vy = Vyo gy t
4.10 y 0 = 4.10 (9.80) t
m/s
Vo = 12 m/s (-4.10) / (-9.80) = t
20 t = 0.42 s
t2 = 0.42 s x 2
Vxo = 11.28 m/s x y = yo + Vyo t gy t2 = 0.84 s
Vxo = Vo cos Vyo = Vo sin
= 0 + (4.10)(0.42s) (9.80) (0.42)2
= 12 cos (20) = 12 sin (20)
The highest = 1.722 0.864is 0.858 m
= 11.28 m/s =point the ball
4.10 m/s can reach
The range of the ball was thrown= is 0.858
9.48mm

x = Vxot
= (11.28) (0.84)
= 9.48 m
 SOLVING PROBLEMS
INVOLVING PROJECTILE
MOTION

Exercise : A kicked football.

A football is kicked at an angle 0 = 37.0 with a
velocity of 20.0 m/s, as shown. Calculate (a) the
maximum height, (b) the time of travel before the
football hits the ground, (c) how far away it hits the
ground, (d) the velocity vector at the maximum
height, and (e) the acceleration vector at maximum
height. Assume the ball leaves the foot at ground
level, and ignore air resistance and rotation of the
 Solution:
We resolve the initial velocity ito its components
vx 0 v0 cos 37.00 20m / s 0.799 16.0m / s
v y 0 v0 sin 37.00 20m / s 0.602 12.0m / s
(a) we consider the time interval begins just after the foot ball loses
contact with foot until reaches its maximum height
Velocity is horizontal and vy =0
v y v y 0 gt
vy 0

t
vy0

12.0m / s 1.22 s
g 9.8m / s 2
y0 0
1 2
y v y 0t gt
2
12.0m / s 1.22 s
1
2
9.8m / s 2 1.22 s
2

7.35m
(b) To find the time it takes for the ball to the ground:
Consider ; at t=0, y0 =0 ( starting the ball leave the ground )
And ending at y=0 (ground level )

1
y y0 v y 0t gt 2
2
0 0 12.0m / s t
1
2

9.8m / s 2 t 2

1
29. 8m / s 2

t 12 . 0 m / s

t 0
either :
t 0 Corresponding to initial point
or
212.0m / s
t 2.45s
9.8m / s 2

(c) Total distance in x-direction

x x0 vxot 0 16.0m / s 2.45s

x 39.2m

(d)The velocity vector at maximum height :

v vx 0 v0 cos 37.0 16.0m / s

0

(e)The acceleration at maximum height :

is the same at highest point as it is throughout
which is:
9.8m / s 2 downward