Chapter 3

Devices and systems convert

energy with varying
efficiencies
Energy forms and
transformations
Section 3.1
Energy

What is energy?

Where do we use energy?

Howdo we convert one type of

energy into another?
Energy

Energy is defined as the ability to do

work
It can cause changes to the
temperature, shape, speed, or direction
of an object
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pDK
2p1QbPKQ
Energy

Thereare four common types of

energy:
Chemical
Electrical
Mechanical
Thermal
Chemical Energy

The energy stored

in chemicals

This is a form of
potential or stored
energy

It is released when
chemicals react
Chemical Energy
A common molecule used for the production
of energy in humans is glucose, a type of
sugar

Yourcells use glucose molecules and a

series of chemical reactions to convert the
chemical energy stored in glucose into
thermal and mechanical energy

Chemicalenergy from batteries can be

converted to electricity and then sound
Chemical Energy
Part of the
mechanical energy
used to demolish
this building came
from the chemical
energy stored in
explosives

The rest comes

from gravitational
potential energy
Electrical Energy

The energy of
charged particles

Electrical energy is
transferred when
electrons travel
from one place to
another
Mechanical Energy
The energy
possessed by an
object because of
its motion or its
potential to move

A thrown baseball
has mechanical
energy because of
its movement and
its potential to fall
Mechanical Energy

Potential Energy
Stored energy that
can be converted to
other, useful forms

Kinetic Energy
Energy due to
motion
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7K4V0NvUxR
g
Thermal Energy
The total kinetic
energy of all the
particles in a
substance

The faster a particle

moves, the more
kinetic energy it
has; this also means
it has more thermal
energy (heat)
Transformations Involving
Chemical and Electrical Energy
You can use various
devices to transform
electricity into other
forms of energy

Electricity can be
transformed into any
other type of energy,
such as heat, light,
sound, or movement
(mechanical energy)
Transformations between
Thermal and Electrical Energy
A thermocouple is a device that can convert
thermal energy into electrical energy

Itconsists of two different metals joined together

that conduct heat a slightly different rates

When the metals are heated, this different results

in electricity flowing from one metal to the other

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gtO0kQ-PT_0
(1 min)
Transformations between
Thermal and Electrical Energy

Devicessuch as heaters and ovens

do the opposite of a thermocouple;
they convert electrical energy into
thermal energy

Theelectrons flow through a metal

and heat up the metal, releasing
heat
Examples :
Device Energy Conversion
Starting form Final Form
Stove Burner Electricity Thermal
Hair Dryer Electricity Thermal/Mech/
Sound
Light Bulb Electricity Light/Thermal
Loud Speaker Electricity Sound
Electric Car Electricity Mechanical
Solar Cell Light Electricity
Generator Mechanical Electricity
Battery Chemical Electricity
Thermocouple Thermal Electricity
Assignment

C+R Pg. 323

#1-9
Energy Transformations
Involving Electrical and
Mechanical Energy
Section 3.2
Motors

Many of the electrical devices we

use everyday contain a motor

Thisimportant energy converter can

be traced back to the early 1800s
In 1820 Hans Christian Oersted
discovers that current flowing through a
wire creates a magnetic field around the
wire
Motors

Lateron, Michael Faraday constructs

a device which uses electromagnetic
forces to move an object
This was effectively the first motor
It didnt work very well, nor did it produce a lot
of power, but it showed that electricity could
produce continuous motion

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zO
dboRYf1hM
Electric Motors

Running electric current through a

wire creates a magnetic field. Using
this simple principle, many useful
devices, such as motor and stereo
speakers have been developed.

The magnetic field around a wire is

circular and continuous
Electric Motors
In a piece of wire, the
magnetic field
generated does not
become particularly
strong

If the wire is coiled

around an object (such
as a nail), the lines of
the magnetic field
overlap and the overall
field becomes much
stronger
Electric Motors
Themore wraps, the more overlapping, and the
stronger the magnetic field

Thenail becomes an electromagnet when

current runs through the wire

The
stronger the magnetic field, the stronger the
magnet

However, when the electric current is stopped,

the magnetic field collapses, and all magnetic
attraction is lost
Electric Motors
An electric motor uses
electric energy to make a
coil of wire spin between the
poles of a magnet (the
field magnet).

This occurs because the coil

(armature), is connected to
a source of electric energy.

Current flowing through the

coil turns into an
electromagnet, which is
rotated by magnetic forces
from the field magnet.
Electric Motors

Thefundamental law of all magnets-

opposite poles attract and like poles
repel- is the basis upon which
electric motors function.
Direct and Alternating
Current
In one common
design for direct
current (DC), a
rotating wire coil
(armature)
becomes an
electromagnet as
current flows into
it through a split
ring commutator
Direct and Alternating
Current
The armature is
attracted and repelled
by stationary field
magnets near it, so it
begins to rotate.

The commutator acts

as a switch, cutting off
then reversing the
direction of current
flow to keep the
Direct Current (DC) -
armature turning.
electricity flows in
only one direction.
 Direct and Alternating
Current
Alternating Current (AC)
- electricity flows back and
forth 60 times per second.

Large electric generators

in power stations produce
alternating current for us
in homes and industry.

https:// Transformers are used to

www.youtube.com/watch?v=BcIDRet7 step up the voltage for
87k efficient transmission over
long distances.
Atthedestination,othertransformersstep
downthevoltagetothe240/120Vusedin
homesandfactories.
Generators

Electric
currents can produce
magnetic effects.

The opposite process is also possible.

Electric
effects can be produced
using a magnet. Michael Faraday and
an American scientist named Joseph
Henry made this discovery in 1831.
Generators

Working independently, they found that

a voltage developed in wires that were
moved at an angle to a nearby magnet.

The same thing happened when the

magnet is moved at an angle to a
stationary wire.

This
process is know as
electromagnetic induction.
Joseph Henry
1797 - 1878
Generators
Electric generators use
the relationship
between magnetic fields
and electric charges to
cause charges to move.

Any moving electric

charge generates a
magnetic field, and any
moving magnetic field
also causes the
movement of an electric
charge.
Generators
Within
a generator, a series of magnets is
connected to a turbine driven by some other
energy source (wind, flowing water, steam,
etc.)

Themagnets in the generator spin relative to

a coil of conducting wires.

Thecurrent then leaves the generator to be

used by devices connected to it or it enters
the power grid for distribution to a wider area.
Assignment

C+R Pg. 331

#2-7, 9-10
Measuring Energy
Input and Output
Section 3.3
Measuring Energy Input and
Output
We use energy in every aspect of our
lives
At home, in our vehicle, at school, etc.

Howdo we know which type of

energy is best?

Howdo we know what machines

convert energy the best?
Power

Power is the rate at which energy is

transferred or transformed

Power tells you how fast the energy

is being used or produced

Ifa machine uses 1 Watt of power, it

uses one joule of energy in one
second
Power

Forexample, an electric hair dryer

that uses 1500 joules of energy
every second would be rated at 1500
watts.

A light bulb that uses 60 joules of

energy every second would be rated
Math Connect

A generator produces 60 J of electric

energy in thirty seconds. How many
watts of power does it produce?

Skills Practice
Power Companies

What
do you buy from power
companies?
Electric energy

Theconsumption of electric energy

is measured in watts. Usually, when
you use power you are using it over
an extended period of time
Energy = power x time (Wh)
Math Connect

Watt Hours
How much electric energy does a 1 W
light bulb use if it is left on for two
hours?

Skills Practice
Kilowatt Hours

Thewatt hour is a small unit of

energy

Electric
utility companies use a unit
of energy 1000x larger, the kWh

1 kWh = 1000 Wh
Math Connect

A small kettle is rated at 1000 watts.

This means that it uses 1000 watts
for each hour it is used. During one
week, it is used for two hours. How
much energy does it use in kilowatt
hours?

Skills Practice
Power in circuits

How do we calculate the power

across the resistor?
Step 1. Ohms law to find the Current.
Step 2. P = V x I
Law of Conservation of
Energy
Whatdo you already know about
energy?
Conservation of Energy
What types of energy are produced by a blow
dryer?
Thermal energy
Mechanical energy
Sound energy
Light energy
Friction produces thermal energy that is wasted

Ifyou measured the electric energy that goes into

the dryer, and compare it to ALL the forms of
output energy, you would find that they are equal
Law of Conservation of
Energy
Energy cannot be
created or destroyed; it
can only be transformed
from one type to
another

Energy does not just

disappear, if some Input Output
Energy Energy
energy seems to be
Mus
missing it is because Wha
t
some of it was t
com
goe
dissipated to the s in
e
surroundings out
Energy Dissipation

Most often the missing energy is lost

or dissipated as heat

Mechanical systems dissipate energy

to their surroundings, and all the
missing energy is transformed into
energy you cannot use
Efficiency and Saving
Energy
Incandescent light bulbs are designed to convert
electric energy into light
Incandescent means glowing with heat

Thesebulbs produce light when electricity flowing

through a wire makes the wire hot

Someelectricity is converted to light, most of it is

converted to other types of energy, such as heat

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ByCOTG2-mhg
Efficiency

Efficiency
is a measure of how completely
input energy is converted to output energy

Incandescentbulbs and fluorescent bulbs

produce about the same amount of light;
however, incandescent bulbs produce
much more heat, which is wasted

Therefore,
incandescent light bulbs are
much less efficient than fluorescent bulbs
Efficiency
Math Connect

An electric kettle uses input energy

of 240 000 joules to heat water. 196
000 J is actually used to heat the
water. Calculate the efficiency of the
kettle.

Skills Practice
Assignment

C+R Pg. 338

#1-10
Reducing the Energy
Wasted by Devices
Section 3.4
Reducing Waste Energy

Devices, which have an energy-

efficient design, are an important
consideration for the consumer,
because these devices use less
electricity.

Energy costs money and it also

affects the environment, so reducing
energy consumption is a good
practice.
Limits to Efficiency

Electric
heaters come very close to
being 100% efficient, but devices that
convert electricity to other forms can
never be 100% efficient.

Some energy is lost, or dissipated in a

form that is not useful output.

Frictioncauses thermal energy to be

lost, or dissipated in many devices.
Increasing Efficiency
Increasing the efficiency of a device depends on its
purpose

Most devices convert electric energy to mechanical

energy, where the worst offender of waste energy is
friction
The easiest way to increase the efficiency is to decrease the
friction in these devices

For
devices that produce heat energy, insulation is the
way to go
Think about your oven
Even the fridge to prevent heat from getting in, you would
insulate the fridge better
Assignment

C+R Pg. 342

#1-8