MACAM-MACAM KALIMAT

Tenses Formulas
TENSES Keterangan waktu
Simple N S+is/am/are+C every, Always/never/ rerely/
present V S+Vs/es sometimes/ often/usualy, on,in
N S+is/am/are+C Now, at the moment/ at present/
Pre Present conti
S+is/am/are+Ving
V this moment
se Present N S+has/have+been+C Since, for, already, just, not yet.
nt Perfect V S+Has/have+V3 So far, three time
Present N S+has/have+been+C
Perfect
S+ Has/have+ been+ Ving Since, for
Conti V
N S+ was/were+ C
Simple Past Yesterday, Just now, last, ago
V S+ V2
N S+ was/were+ C
Past Conti When, while, at
Pa V S + Was/were + Ving
st N S + Had been + C
Past Perfect Before, after, when
V S + had + V3
Past Perfect N S + Had been + C
before, for
Conti V S + had + been + Ving
Simple N S + will/shall + be + C tomorrow, next, tonight, in the
Future V S + will/shall + V future, this weekend in five day
N S + will/shall + be + C
Future Conti
S + will/shall + be + Ving
at
Fut V

ure Future N S + shall/will + have been+C

Perfect V S + shall/will + have + V3
Before, by, for
Future N S + shall/will + have been+C
Perfect
V S+shall/will+have been+Ving by
Conti
 CONDITIONAL TENSES/ PENGANDAIAN
Type Formula Keterangan
if + S+ V_s/es S + will/can/may + v
Future Present Future
we can play chess if my headache disappears
if + S + v2 S + would + V1 was tidak dipakai
Present Past past future dlm tipe ini hanya
if I had time, I would go to your house were
S+
would/could/might+hav
If + S + had + V3 e+v3
Past perpect Past Future Perpect
had she got money, she would have bought car
S + V as if/as though + S+ V2
Past Present Past
He always speaks as if he were an expert on his
field
as if/as thought + S + Had
S + V2 + V3
Past Past Perpect
Herman smiled as though he had felt happy
 Conditional
wish
Type Formula Keterangan
S + wish+ Could/would + V1
(that) were + Ving
Future wish
I wish that you could help me finish this suatu kejadian
work yang tidak akan
Present S+ wish +(that) + S + V2
pernah terjadi
wish we wish that they visited us soon
saat ini dan yg
S + wish + Had + V3
akan datang
(that) + S + Could have +V3
Past wish
I wish that she had finished her study last
month
SEQUENCES OF TENSES/URUTAN KATA KERJA MENURUT
WAKTU
Aturan I
Main Clause Subordinate clause
Past + (that) Past
I knew that he was unwell
Present Semua tenses
Future Tenses Semua tenses

Aturan II untuk menunjukkan kebenaran umum

Main Clause Subordinate clause
Past + (that) Present
Galileo found that the earth moves round the sun

Aturan III Than

Main Clause Subordinate clause
Past (than) Semua tenses
 INFINITIVE DAN GERUND
Ada dua infinitive: infinitive with to, and infinitive Kata kerja berfungsi sebagai kata
without to benda (gerund)
Penggunaan infinitive without to jika dipakai Digunakan sebagai subjek
setelah kata kalimat
Can-could, may-might, must, have/has/had, shall- Mengikuti kata kerja berikut
should, will-would, Let,make,help
Ex.
Resent
You should meet your mother Avoidyou have to letPostpone (menunda)
me Enjoy
Deny Practice Appreciate Resist (menolak)
go Suggest Cant help Report Finish
Miss Quit (meninggalkan) Delay Resume
Admit(menerima) Consider(memikirkan) Mind(memperhatikan Recall/risk
)

Ex. He always denies helping me

1. Gerund dipakai sehabis preposisi sifat, Begin Continu Cant Dread
kerja, benda e stand (takut)
Ex. Afraid of discussing, no excuse for Hate Love Like prefer
dropping
regret try start
give up smoking
2. Digunakan untuk menerangkan benda Ex. Start to study start studying
Ex. waiting room * washing room * swimming
pool
Digunakan untuk it+.+ing
Ex. it is no use trying to meet her
Kata berikut bisa diikuti gerund maupun
infinitive
 CLAUSES (relative pronoun:
WHO/WHOM/WHOSE/WHICH/THAT)

1. Who untuk orang yang berkedudukan sebagai subjek

Ex. Diro who has won the contest feels very happy

2. Whom untuk orang sebagai objek

Ex. The man whom many people hate is sitting under the tree

3. Whose menggantikan orang/benda/binatang yang menyatakan kepunyaan

Ex. The man whose hair is gray likes dancing

4. Which untuk menyatakan benda/binatang sebagai subjek/objek

Ex. I like the rose flower which Andi brought yesterday

5. That untuk umum dan berkedudukan apa saja

Dependent Clause (anak Kalimat)

N clouse sebagai S N clouse sebagai O
Relative pronoun + S Be + C S + Be Relative pronoun + S + V
Andry is good at How to modify an old
+V
What you know Is not the reality machine
Relative pronoun + S V + C S + V Relative pronoun + S + V
Everyone likes How you speak English
+V
That you want to help Makes me happy
 AUXILIARY
A. AUXILIARY VERBS/ kata kerja bantu (be, have, do, dare, need, used to,
accustomed to)
Be + to + V1 The director is to (diharapkan) open the meeting
(harus/diharapkan/akan)
Be + V3 (di, ter.) My son is visited by his friends almost everyday
Have + V3 (telah/sudah) He has lived in for
Have + to+ V1 (harus/terpaksa) I have to go .
Had better + V1 (sebaiknya) I had better go ..

Need + to + V1 (harus/perlu) untuk I need to solve this problem soon

positif
Need + V1 ( perlu/harus) I need not go ./ need I go.
B. Modal Auxiliary (kata kerja bantu modal)
negative/tanya
Present Past Tense 1. Would you.. mind +Ving (sudikah)
Tenses 2. Would you like + to infinitive (untuk
Can Could mengundang)
May Might Ex. Would you like to come .
Must Had to
Shall Should/ought 3. Would rather (lebih suka) + V1.. than.
Ex. Andi would rather drink juice than ice
to/had better
will Would 4. Could, May, Might, Must, Should, + have+ Verb
3
Ex. The cause of could have been bacteria
 DIRECT/INDIRECT SPEECH

DIRECT INDIRECT DIRECT INDIRECT

V1 V2 Must Had to
V2 Had+V3 shall Should
Is/am Was Will Would
Are Were Ought to + V1 / Ought to + V3 /
be been
Have/has Had Could + V1 / Could + V3 /
be been
Do/does Did Might + V1 / Might + V3 /
be been
can Could Should + V1 / Should + V3 /
be been
May
Ex. (D): Must
Andi said: you Would
should be + V1 am!
there at 7.00 / Would + V3 /
(I): He told to me, I should have been
be there at 7.00ambeen
Present
PRESENT AND PAST PAARTICIPLE
1. Sebagai kat sifat >> a singing 10. Mengungkapkan suatu kejadian terjadi
women sebelum kegiatan lain
Ex. Not Having been notified of the
2. Membentuk present conti
cancelation of time departure, james
3. Setelah kata kerja berkaitan arrived late
dengan panca indra 11. Kegiatan terjadi sebelum kegiatan
Feel/hear/listen to/find/look lainnya
at/know/ Ex. Having known the test result, he went
notice(memerhatikan)/observe/p home
erceive(merasa)/See/smell/watch 12. Menggantikan anak kalimat/kalusa
.. +Ving yang dimulai >>
as/since/because/while + S+ V
4. Setelah kata kerja>>
Ex. Walking home, he saw fire
catch-caught/find-found + + Past
13. Menggantikan relative clause (anak
Ving 1. Sebagai
kalimat kata kata
pengganti sifatsifat)
5. Stelah have + O (melatih) + Ving, ex. A waiting
Ex. The students written for
textthe bus very
ex. He had me driving in a 2. Present perfect tense
tired
week 3. Menggantikan S
7. Menggantikan induk kalimat
6. Setelah kata >>> 4. Dua kegiatan dengan S sama
8. Dua tindakan dg O yang sama dan
spend/waste/ + expression of Ex. Convinced that flood would hit
terjadi di waktu yang sama Jakarta, he moved to Bogor that evening
time/money + Ving
Ex. He walk away slamming the 5. Kegiatan terjadi sebelum
Ex. I spend five billion renovating
door kegiatan lain
my house
9. S sama dan Suatu tindakan diikuti Ex. Having been informed that he
oleh tindakan lainnya became the winner, he held a thanks
 ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE AND CAUSATIVE VERB
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE >>NOTE: Kalimat pasif tidak merubah
tenses
Rumus dan dari kalimat aktif
contoh:
1. Simple present/simple past tense 5. Modals + perfect
Am/is/are/was/were + V3 + by Modal + have + been +v (past)
Ex. thirty houses were destroyed by the Ex. (a): Rudi should have taken the
tornado medicine this morning
(p): the medicine should have been
2. Present conti and past conti taken by Rudi this morning
Am/is/are/was/were + being + V3
CAUSATIVE VERB
+ by
Ex. active: the committee was
Have/get/make(meminta/menyeba
considering several new proposals bkan/membuat)
Passive: several new proposals were (a): S + Have + O + V1
3. Present perfect/past perfect (a): S + get + O + V to infinitive
being considered by committee
Has/have/had + been + V3 (p): S + have + O + V3
Ex. (a): the company has ordered some
new equipment Ex. (a): I had my friend repair my hp
(p): some new equipment have been (a): I got my hp repaired
ordered by company
4. Modal be (p): my hp was repaired by my friend
Modal + be + V3 (p): I got her paper typed this week
Ex. (a): my brother will learn
mathematics today (a): I am getting her paper type this week
(p): mathematics will be learnt by my
 SUBJUNCTIVE

adalah kata kerja tertentu

setelah kata kerja tertentu Inpersonal expressions
(subjunctive)
Advise Request
Advised Recommended
(menasehati) (meminta)
(dinasehatkan) (direkomendasikan)
Ask (meminta) Require
Important (penting) Required
(mensyaratkan)
(dipersyaratkan)
Command, Suggest
Mandatory Suggested
Stipulate, Order (menyarankan)
(disyaratkan) (disarankan)
(memerintah)
Necessary (perlu) Urgent (mendesak)
Decree Urge (mendesak)
Obligatory (wajib) Imperative
(menyatakan)
(diperintahkan)
Prefer (lebih suka) Demand
Proposed (diusulkan)
(menuntut)
Propose Insist (mendesak)
S + V + that + S + V /
(mengusulkan) it + be + adjective + that + S + V
Recommended Move
(merekomendasik (menggerakan) Ex.
an)
- we urge that he leave now / we urge him to leave now

- It was recommended (direkomendasikan) that we wait for the result of test

 QUESTIONS AND QUESTION TAG
Cara I
Preps Q N/Ad Ax S Main C
tn Cara III
word j V v V S C
When Will
The Sing?
Is Ugi A good
y
Who Did You Meet?
teacher?
How Did You Get There? Are They Usefull boks?
Whom Shal I Give This were they Happy?
l to?
Which Book Do You Want
Cara II ?
Q tagHow N LongV Shal C/O
We Wait? Cara IV
What Is l That? Ax V S Main O/C
at
What what time
Wentshall we
Wrong? Eat? V
Who Is Singing? Does Dewi Live There?
Who Cam To Do You Like The dress?
e school? Shall We Dance
Who Sold The may i go With you?
tickets?
Which Book Is The best?
How eggs are There?
many