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V Vinayaka Ram
Incorrect Wat of Delineating the
Area
Methods of Linear
Measurements
Direct
Pacing
Passometer (Watch like attached with leg Number of
paces)
Arrows
Pegs
Ranging Rods
Offset Rods
Cross Staff
Plumb Bob
Line Ranger
RANGING OUT SURVEY LINES
Direct Ranging
Ranging By Eye
Ranging by Optical Line Ranger
Indirect or Reciprocal Ranging
CHAINING ON UNEVEN OR
SLOPING GROUND
Direct Measurement
Indirect Measurements:
By measuring angle of inclination
(Clinometers)
By measuring difference of levels
Erriors in Chaining
Lines
Main Survey Lines
Base Lines
Check Lines
Perpendicular Offsets
Oblique Offsets
Land Boundary Line
Tie Lines
Well Conditioned Triangle
No angle shall be less than 300
Best Case Equilateral Triangle
CHAIN SURVEYING
CONDITIONS TO BE FULFILLED
Field Book
Single Line Booking
Double Line Booking Popular
Limit of Precision in Chaining
Rough Terrain: 1:250 (An error of 1m in
250m)
Good Conditions: 1:500
Excellent Conditions: 1:1000
Steel Tape with Accessories under good
conditions: 1:2000
Invar Tape with Accessories: 1:10000
Instruments for measuring
Right Angles
Open Cross Staff
French Cross Staff
Adjustable Cross Staff
Optical Square
Prism Square
CROSS STAFFS
OPTICAL SQUARE
Number of Offsets:
Short and at regular intervals
Closer Intervals for Curved
boundary
Straight Lines two end offsets plus
one at the Centre as a check
Fence or railway line crosses a chain
line
Take Home Assignment 1 (9.8.2016)
Obstacles to Chaining
Obstacles to Ranging