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GENDER BIAS

Inclination towards or prejudice against one


gender

Unfair difference in the way women and men are


treated
GENDER DEVELOPMENT INDEX
Measures gender gaps in human development
achievements

Three basic dimensions- Health, Knowledge and


Living Standards
GENDER DEVELOPMENT INDEX
Need for GDI

GDI is a direct measure of gender gap

Good for understanding the real gender gap

Useful to design policy tools to close the gap


HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT, 2015
Report was released by United Nations
Development Program (UNDP)
130th position among 188 countries in 2015
135th position in 2014
In the year 2014 female HDI value for India was
0.525 in contrast to 0.660 for males, resulting in
a GDI value of 0.795.
INFANTICIDE
Infanticide is the unlawful killing of very young
children

Causes of infanticide
preference for the male child
Unaffordable economic burden
Weak law enforcement
INFANTICIDE
Statistics
The child sex ratio was at an all-time low of 914
females for every 1,000 males 2011 Census
Around 12 million Indian girls were aborted
since 1981
2,000 girls who are killed in the womb every day
INFANTICIDE
Government initiatives
Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao (Save the Daughter,
Educate the Daughter) initiative
Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation
and Prevention of Misuse) Act, 1994 (PNDT Act)
Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961
EDUCATION
Literacy definition It means "ability to identify, understand,
interpret, create, communicate, compute and use printed and
written materials associated with varying contexts.
The working definition of literacy in the Indian census
Literacy rate: The total percentage of the population of an area
at a particular time aged seven years or above who can read
and write with understanding.
As per Population Census of India 2011, the Literacy rate of
India has shown as improvement of almost 9 percent. It has
gone up to 74.04% in 2011 from 65.38% in 2001
EDUCATION
It consists of male literacy rate 82.14% and
female literacy rate is 65.46%.
Kerala with 93.9% literacy rate is the top state
in India. Lakshadweep and Mizoram are at
second and third position with 92.3% and
91.06% literacy rate respectively.
Bihar with 63.08% literacy rate is the last in
terms of literacy rate in India.
EDUCATION
Factors Affecting literacy
One of the main factors contributing to this
relatively low literacy rate is usefulness of
education and availability of schools in vicinity in
rural areas.
caste disparities also exist
Absolute poverty in India has also deterred the
pursuit of formal education
EDUCATION
Steps to increase Literacy
National Literacy Mission (NLM) started by
Government of India in 1988
Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan
Free education programs to poor people living in
villages and towns.
Setting up of new schools and colleges at district and
state levels.
EDUCATION
Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao is the latest initiative
taken by Government of India to save and
educate the girl child in India.
State literacy campaigns are launched at
several times to conduct door to door survey to
examine overall literacy scenario in the districts.
MALNUTRITION
Malnutrition is lack of proper nutrition caused by
not having enough to eat, not enough of the right
food or being unable to use the food that one does
eat
India loses over 12 billion U.S. Dollar in Gross
Domestic Product.
Direct productivity losses estimated at more that 10
percent of lifetime individual earnings and about 2-
3 percent loss of GDP.
Indirect losses are due to poor mental development
and schooling, and increased costs of healthcare.
GENDER BIASNESS
the majority are girls Are abandoned, neglected or
given less nutritious food than their male siblings
Girls constitute more than two-thirds of patients who
are admitted and also those who drop out before
completing the treatment.
Out of the total number of kids admitted, 70% were
girls.
Girls in poor households are inadequately breast fed
and less likely to be provided quality health care and
sanitation.
It was found that families cared less if girls die specially
if they are third or forth girl child
GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES
schemes/programmes include the Integrated Child Development
Services (ICDS), National Health Mission (NHM), Mid-Day Meal
Scheme, Rajiv Gandhi Schemes for Empowerment of
Adolescent Girls (RGSEAG) namely SABLA, Indira Gandhi
MatritvaSahyogYojna (IGMSY) as direct targeted interventions.
Indirect Multi-sectoral interventions include Targeted Public
Distribution System (TPDS), National Horticulture Mission,
National Food Security Mission, Mahatma Gandhi National Rural
Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS), Swachh Bharat
Abhiyan, National Rural Drinking Water Programme etc. All
these schemes address one or other aspect of nutrition.
Gender pay gap in India
Gender pay gap in India refers to the difference in earnings
between women and men in the paid employment and labor
market.For the year 2013, the gender pay gap in India was
estimated to be 24.81
A report by the World Economic Forum highlights that in the corporate
sector in India, a woman is paid only one-third of what a man in the same
position is paid. level of female participation in the economy, shows India
as one of the bottom 10 countries.

Women in the work force amounts to only about one-fourth of the total.
MORE TAXES
AND BETTER PUBLIC SERVICES
2 salaries families generally earn more, and pay more taxes
Taxes are the basis for all public services: transport, schools,
child care, hospitals, care for elderly and disabled
Taxes are the basis for employment in the public sector
INCREASED PURCHASING POWER
AND CONSUMPTION
Generally implies increased family income and increased purchasing
power.
Purchasing power is the basis for the whole private sector: shops,
factories, restaurants, services
Purchasing power is the basis for all jobs in the private sector
SUMMING UP
Gender equality and work life balance represent substantial economic
advantages, e.g. increased birth rates, employment and taxes - with positive
short term and long term effects.
Gender gaps are pervasive in all walks of economic life and imply large losses
in terms of foregone productivity and living standards to individuals and the
economy.
This is especially relevant during a financial crisis as key elements for a long
term strategy to overcome the crisis.
Apart from potential GDP growth, equal employment opportunities for women
could also result in increased growth and profitability in the private sector.In
countries where the population is aging quickly, an increase in the female
labor participation rate would help offset the negative effects of a declining
workforce. It is also important to note that women in India perform 9.8 times
the amount of labor in the unpaid sector either through household duties or
care work. If this work was measured and valued, it was estimated by
McKinsey that it would contribute 0.3 trillion dollars to Indias total economic
output.

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