Heat transfer

- Source of heat
- Heat transfer
- Steam and electricity as heating media
- Determination of requirement of amount of
steam/electrical energy
- Steam pressure
- Mathematical problems on heat transfer

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What is Heat?

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What is Heat?

Heat is energy in transit.

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 Units of Heat
The SI unit is the joule (J),
which is equal to Newton-metre (Nm).
Historically, heat was measured in terms of the ability
to raise the temperature of water.
The calorie (cal): amount of heat needed to raise the
temperature of 1 gramme of water by 1 C0 (from
14.50C to 15.50C)
In industry, the British thermal unit (Btu) is still used:
amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 lb
of water by 1 F0 (from 630F to 640F)
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 Conversion between different
units of heat:

1 J = 0.2388 cal = 0.239x10-3 kcal = 60.189 Btu

1 cal = 4.186 J = 3.969 x 10-3 Btu

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 Sensible Heat
What is 'sensible heat?

Sensible heat is associated

with a temperature change

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 Specific Heat Capacity
To raise the temperature by 1 K, different
substances need different amount of energy because
substances have different molecular configurations
and bonding (eg: copper, water, wood)
The amount of energy needed to raise the
temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 K is known
as the specific heat capacity
Specific heat capacity is denoted by c

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 Calculation of Sensible Heat

Q is the heat lost or gained by a substance

m is the mass of substance

c is the specific heat of substance which changes with temperature

T is the temperature

When temperature changes causes negligible changes in c,

where T is the temperature change in the substance

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 Calculation of Sensible Heat
When temperature changes causes significant changes in c,

Q = m c T cannot be used.
Instead, we use the following equation:

Q = H = m h
where H is the enthalpy change in the substance
and h is the specific enthalpy change in the substance.

To apply the above equation, the system should

remain at constant pressure and the associated
volume change must be negligibly small.
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 Calculation of Sensible Heat
Calculate the amount of heat required to raise the temperature
of 300 g Al from 25oC to 70oC.
Data: c = 0.896 J/g oC for Al

Q = m c T (since c is taken as a constant)

= (300 g) (0.896 J/g oC)(70 - 25)oC
= 12,096 J
= 13.1 kJ

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 Exchange of Heat
Calculate the final temperature (tf), when 100 g iron at 80oC is
tossed into 53.5g of water at 25oC.
Data: c = 0.452 J/g oC for iron and 4.186 J/g oC for water

Heat lost by iron = Heat gained by water

(m c T)iron = (m c T)water
(100 g) (0.452 J/g oC)(80 - tf)oC
= (53.5 g) (4.186 J/g oC)(tf - 25)oC
80 - tf = 4.955 (tf -25)
tf = 34.2oC 11
 Latent Heat
What is latent heat?

Latent heat is associated with

phase change of matter

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Phases of Matter

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 Phase Change
Heat required for phase changes:
Melting: solid liquid
Vaporization: liquid vapour
Sublimation: solid vapour

Heat released by phase changes:

Condensation: vapour liquid
Fusion: liquid solid
Deposition: vapour solid

Prof. R. Shanthini 14
5 & 12 March 2012
Phase Diagram: Water

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Phase Diagram: Water
Compressed liquid
Saturated liquid

Superheated
steam

Saturated steam

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Phase Diagram: Water
Explain why water is at liquid
state at atm pressure

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Phase Diagram: Carbon Dioxide
Explain why CO2 is at gas state
at atm pressure

Explain why CO2

cannot be made a
liquid at atm
pressure

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 Latent Heat
Latent heat is the amount of heat added per unit mass of
substance during a phase change

Latent heat of fusion is the amount of heat added to melt

a unit mass of ice OR it is the amount of heat removed
to freeze a unit mass of water.

Latent heat of vapourization is the amount of heat added

to vaporize a unit mass of water OR it is the amount of
heat removed to condense a unit mass of steam.

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 Water:
Specific Heat Capacities and Latent Heats
Specific heat of ice 2.06 J/g K (assumed constant)
Heat of fusion for ice/water 334 J/g (assumed constant)
Specific heat of water 4.18 J/g K (assumed constant)
Latent heat of vaporization cannot be assumed a
constant since it changes significantly with the pressure,
and could be found from the Steam Table
How to evaluate the sensible heat gained (or lost) by
superheated steam?

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 Water:
Specific Heat Capacities and Latent Heats
How to evaluate the sensible heat gained (or lost) by
superheated steam?
Q = m c T
cannot be used since changes in c with changing
temperature is NOT negligible.
Instead, we use the following equation:

Q = H = m h
provided the system is at constant pressure and the
associated volume change is negligible.

Enthalpies could be referred from the Steam 21

Table
 Properties of Steam
Learnt to refer to Steam Table to find properties of
steam such as saturated (or boiling point) temperature
and latent heat of vapourization at give pressures, and
enthalpies of superheated steam at various pressures and
temperatures.

Reference:
Chapter 6 of Thermodynamics for Beginners with worked
examples by R. Shanthini
(published by Science Education Unit, Faculty of Science,
University of Peradeniya)
(also uploaded at http://www.rshanthini.com/PM3125.htm)
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 Warming curve for water
What is the amount of heat required to change 2 kg of ice
at -20oC to steam at 150oC at 2 bar pressure?

-20oC ice

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 Warming curve for water
What is the amount of heat required to change 2 kg of ice
at -20oC to steam at 150oC at 2 bar pressure?

0oC melting point of ice

-20oC ice

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 Warming curve for water
What is the amount of heat required to change 2 kg of ice
at -20oC to steam at 150oC at 2 bar pressure?

120.2oC boiling point of water at 2 bar

Boiling point of water at 1 atm pressure is
100oC.
Boiling point of water at 2 bar is 120.2oC.
[Refer the Steam Table.]
0oC melting point of ice
-20oC ice

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 Warming curve for water
What is the amount of heat required to change 2 kg of ice
at -20oC to steam at 150oC at 2 bar pressure?

150oC superheated steam

Specific heat
120.2oC boiling point of water at 2 bar Latent heat

Specific heat

0oC melting point of ice Latent heat

Specific heat
-20oC ice

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 Warming curve for water
What is the amount of heat required to change 2 kg of ice
at -20oC to steam at 150oC at 2 bar pressure?
Specific heat required to raise the temperature of ice from -20oCto 0oC
= (2 kg) (2.06 kJ/kg oC) [0 - (-20)]oC = 82.4 kJ

Latent heat required to turn ice into water at 0oC

= (2 kg) (334 kJ/kg) = 668 kJ

Specific heat required to raise the temperature of water from 0oC to

120.2oC
= (2 kg) (4.18 kJ/kg oC) [120.2 - 0)]oC = 1004.9 kJ

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 Warming curve for water
What is the amount of heat required to change 2 kg of ice
at -20oC to steam at 150oC at 2 bar pressure?
Latent heat required to turn water into steam at 120.2oC and at 2 bar
= (2 kg) (2202 kJ/kg) = 4404 kJ
[Latent heat of vapourization at 2 bar is 2202 kJ/kg as could be
referred to from the Steam Table]

Specific heat required to raise the temperature of steam from 120.2oC

to 150oC
= (2 kg) (2770 2707) kJ/kg = 126 kJ
[Enthalpy at 120.2oC and 2 bar is the saturated steam enthalpy of
2707 kJ/kg and the enthalpy at 150oC and 2 bar is 2770 kJ/kg as
could be referred to from the Steam Table]
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 Warming curve for water
What is the amount of heat required to change 2 kg of ice
at -20oC to steam at 150oC at 2 bar pressure?

Total amount of heat required

= 82.4 kJ + 668 kJ + 1004.9 kJ + 4404 kJ + 126 kJ

= 6285.3 kJ

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