S,p,d Orbitals

Directed by:
Mia Hilda Amanda (4301414053)
Aveb Dias Alirsyah (4301414054)
Intan Savira (4301414069)

Chemistry Education 1
Semarang state University
 Electron shells

Each shell is subdivided into subshells,

which are made up of orbitals, each of
which has electrons with different angular
momentum. Each orbital in a shell has a
characteristic shape, and is named by a
letter. They are: s, p, d, and f.
 Within any particular shell, the
energy of the orbitals depend on the
angular momentum of orbitals s, p, d,
and f in order of lowest to highest
energy. No two orbitals have the
same energy level.
 This image shows the orbitals (along with hybrid orbitals for bonding and a
sample electron configuration, explained later).
 The s orbital

The simplest orbital in the atom is the

1s orbital.
It has no radial or angular nodes: the
1s orbital is simply a sphere of
electron density. A node is a point
where the electron probability is zero.
The s orbital can hold two electrons,
as long as they have different spin
quantum numbers.
As with all orbitals the
number of radial nodes
increases with the
principle quantum
number (i.e. the 2s
orbital has one radial
node, the 3s has two
etc.). Because the
angular momentum
quantum number is 0,
there is only one choice
for the magnetic
quantum number - there
is only one s orbital per
shell
The p orbitals

Starting from the 2nd shell,

there is a set of p orbitals.

The angular momentum

quantum number of the
electrons confined to p
orbitals is 1, so each orbital
has one angular node.

There are 3 choices for the

magnetic quantum number,
which indicates 3
differently oriented p
orbitals.
The p orbitals all have two
lobes of electron density
pointing along each of the axes.
Each one is symmetrical along
its axis. The notation for the p
orbitals indicate which axis it
points down, i.e. px points along
the x axis, py on the y axis and
pz up and down the z axis. The
p orbitals are degenerate
they all have the same energy. P
orbitals are very often involved
in bonding.
The d orbitals

The first set of d orbitals is

the 3d set. The angular
momentum quantum number
is 2, so each orbital has two
angular nodes. There are 5
choices for the magnetic
quantum number, which
gives rise to 5 different d
orbitals. Each orbital can
hold two electrons (with
opposite spins), giving the d
orbitals a total capacity of 10
electrons.
Note that all the d orbitals
have four lobes of electron
density, except for the dz2
orbital, which has two
opposing lobes and a
doughnut of electron density
around the middle. The d
orbitals can be further
subdivided into two smaller
sets. The dx2-y2 and dz2 all point
directly along the x, y, and z
axes. They form an eg set. On
the other hand, the lobes of
the dxy, dxz and dyz all line up
in the quadrants, with no
electron density on the axes.
These three orbitals form the
t2g set. In most cases, the d
orbitals are degenerate, but
sometimes they can split, with
the eg and t2g subsets having
-Thank you -