BASIC COMPUTER

CONCEPTS

Created by R.M. BHUJA

 Definition of Computer
Definition:
A computer is a device that takes data in one form,
uses it, and produces a different form of information
which is related to (but may not be the same as) the
original data.
An electronic device, operating under the control of
instructions stored in its own memory unit, that can
accept data (input), manipulate the data according to
specified rules (process), produce information
(output) from the processing, and store the results for
future use.
Definition of Modern
Computer

Inputs, outputs, processes and

stores information

Physical: Keyboard, monitor, etc.

are these necessary components?
 Advantages of
Computers
Speed
Storage
High Accuracy
Versatility
Diligence
Automatic Operation
Obedience
Decision Making Capability
History of Computers - Long,
Long Ago

beads on rods to count and calculate

still widely used in Asia!
 Charles Babbage - 1792-
1871
Difference Engine .1822
huge calculator, never finished
Analytical Engine 1833
could store numbers
calculating mill used punched

metal cards for instructions

powered by steam!

accurate to six decimal places

Vacuum Tubes - 1941 -
1956
First Generation Electronic
Computers used Vacuum Tubes
Vacuum tubes are glass tubes
with circuits inside.
Vacuum tubes have no air inside
them, which protects the circuitry.
 UNIVAC 1951
first fully electronic digital
computer built in the U.S.
(Universal Automatic
Computer)
Created at the University
of Pennsylvania
ENIAC(Electronic
Numerical Integrator and
Computer) weighed 30
tons
contained 18,000 vacuum
tubes
Cost a paltry $487,000
First Transistor

Uses Silicon
developed in 1948
won a Nobel prize
on-off switch

Second Generation
Computers used
Transistors, starting in
1956
 Second Generation
1965-1963
1956 Computers began to incorporate
Transistors

Replaced vacuum tubes with

Transistors
 Integrated Circuits

Third Generation Computers used Integrated Circuits (chips)

Integrated Circuits are transistors, resistors, and capacitors integrated
together into a single chip
Third Generation 1964-
1971

1964-1971
Integrated Circuit
Operating System
Getting smaller, cheaper
 The First
Microprocessor 1971

The 4004 had 2,250 transistors

four-bit chunks (four 1s or 0s)
Called Microchip
 What is a Microchip?
Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit
(VLSIC)
Transistors, resistors, and capacitors
4004 had 2,250 transistors
Pentium IV has 42 MILLION transistors
Each transistor 0.13 microns (10-6 meters)
4 Generation 1971-
th

present
MICROCHIPS!
Getting smaller and smaller, but we are
still using microchip technology
Generations of Electronic
Computers
 Over the past 50 years, the
Electronic Computer has
evolved rapidly.
Connections:
Which evolved from the other, which
was an entirely new creation
vacuum tube
integrated circuit

transistor

microchip
Evolution of Electronics
Microchip
(VLSIC)
Integrated
Circuit

Transistor

Vacuum
Tube
Evolution of Electronics
Vacuum Tube a dinosaur without a
modern lineage
Transistor Integrated Circuit
Microchip
IBM PC - 1981
IBM-Intel-Microsoft joint venture
First wide-selling personal
computer used in business
8088 Microchip - 29,000
transistors
4.77 Mhz processing speed
256 K RAM (Random Access
Memory) standard
One or two floppy disk drives
 1990s: Pentiums and
Power Macs
Early 1990s began penetration of computers into
every niche: every desk, most homes, etc.
Faster, less expensive computers paved way for this
Windows 95 was first decent GUI for PCs
Macs became more PC compatible - easy file
transfers
Prices have plummeted
$2000 for entry level to $500
$6000 for top of line to $1500
21st Century Computing
Great increases in speed, storage, and
memory
Increased networking, speed in Internet
Widespread use of CD-RW
PDAs(Personal Digital Assistant)
Cell Phone/PDA
WIRELESS!!!
 Whats next for
computers?

Use your imagination to come up with

what the next century holds for
computers.
What can we expect in two years?
What can we expect in twenty years?
 Classification of
Computers According to
Size
1. Super Computers:
Supercomputer a state-of-the-art,
extremely powerful computer capable of
manipulating massive amounts of data in a
relatively short time. Supercomputers are very
expensive and are employed for specialized
scientific and engineering applications that must
handle very large databases or do a great
amount of computation, among them
meteorology, animated graphics, nuclear energy
research and weapon simulation, and petroleum
exploration.
 Classification of
Computers According to
Size
2 Main Frame Computers:

Expensive
Quickest
Speedy
Used in large Companies
 Classification of
Computers According
to Size
. 3 Mini Computers
A minicomputer is a class of multi-
user computers that lies in the middle
range of the computing spectrum, in
between the largest multi-user systems
(mainframe computers) and the smallest
single-user systems (microcomputers or
personal computers).
 Classification of
Computers According
to Size
. 4 Micro Computers
A microcomputer is a computer with a
microprocessor as its central processing unit.
They are also called computer of a chip
because its entire circuitry is contained in one
tiny chip. They are physically small compared
to mainframe and minicomputers.
What does a computer
do? Processor
Control Unit/Arithmetic Logic Unit

Input
Input Output
Process Devices
Memory
Devices

Output
Storage
Storage Devices
 Input Devices
Any hardware component that allows you
to enter data, programs, commands, and
user responses into a computer
Input Device
Examples
Keyboard

Mouse

Mic

Scanner

Joystick
 Output Devices
Output devices make the information
resulting from processing available for use
Output Device Examples
Printers
Impact

Nonimpact

Display Devices
CRT

LCD

Speakers
 Backing Storage

Backing storage devices are where you can store

data permanently. This means that data is held
when the computer is switched off and can be
loaded onto a computer system when required.
These devices are also known as secondary
storage devices or auxiliary devices.
Secondary Storage Devices

Removable
Floppy disk, or diskette
Compact Disc CD-R, CD-RW,
CD-ROM
DVDs DVD-ROM, DVD-R,
DVD-RW, DVD-RAM
Zip disk
Flash disk/USB drive
Tape

Non-Removable
Hard disk
 Types of Computer Softwares
SOFTWARE: -
The software is the planned, step-by-step set
of electronic instructions required to turn data
into information that makes a computer useful.
As stated software, or program, consists of the
instructions that tell the computer how to
perform a task.
It is fall into two categories: -
1. System software.
2. Application software.
Types of Computer Softwares
1.System Software: -
System software enables the application
software to interact with the computer and helps the
computer manage its internal and external resources.
System software is required to run application
software. Buyers of new computers will find the
system software has already been installed by the
manufacture.
There are two basic types of system software such
as: -
Operating system. (e.g. Windows, DOS, etc)
Utility programs: (e.g. Antivirus, file compression,etc)
Types of Computer Softwares

2. Application Software:
Application software, also known as
an application, is computer software
designed to help the user to perform
singular or multiple related specific
tasks. Examples include accounting
software, office suites, graphics
software, and media players.
 Application Software
Word Processing
Spreadsheet
Presentation Graphics
Database
Contact Management
 Computers, file size,
units of measurement
The basic unit used in computer data
storage is called a bit (binary digit).
Computers use these little bits, which
are composed of ones and zeros, to do
things and talk to other computers. All
your files, for instance, are kept in the
computer as binary files and translated
into words and pictures by the software
(which is also ones and zeros).
 UNITS OF MEMORY

8Bit = 1Byte
1024 Byte = 1 KiloByte
1024 KiloByte = 1 Mega Byte
1024 MegaByte = 1 GigaByte
1024 Giga Byte = 1 Tera Byte
1024 Tera Byte = 1 Pica Byte
1024 Pica Byte = 1 Nano Byte
EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER
SYSTEMS
First Generation of Computers

1. Vacuum tubes

1946-1959

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall

Chapter 2 - 39 Page 24
EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER
SYSTEMS
Second Generation of Computers

1. Vacuum tubes
2. Transistors

1946-1959 1957-1963

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall

Chapter 2 - 40 Page 24
EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER
SYSTEMS
Third Generation of Computers

1. Vacuum tubes
2. Transistors
3. Integrated circuits

1946-1959 1957-1963 1964-1979

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall

Chapter 2 - 41 Page 25
EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER
SYSTEMS
Fourth Generation of Computers

1. Vacuum tubes
2. Transistors
3. Integrated circuits
4. VLSI (very-large-scale integrated) circuits

1946-1959 1957-1963 1964-1979 1980 - present

EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER
SYSTEMS
The Development of Microcomputers

Apple
IBM PC
1981

1946-1959 1957-1963 1964-1979 1980 - present

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall

Chapter 2 - 43 Page 26
Before the 1500s, in Europe, calculations were
made with an abacus
Invented around 500BC, available in many
cultures (China, Mesopotamia, Japan,
Greece, Rome, etc.)

In 1642, Blaise Pascal (French mathematician,

physicist, philosopher) invented a mechanical
calculator called the Pascaline

In 1671, Gottfried von Leibniz (German

mathematician, philosopher) extended the
Pascaline to do multiplications, divisions, square
roots: the Stepped Reckoner

None of these machines had memory, and they

required human intervention at each step
 In 1822 Charles Babbage (English
mathematician, philosopher),
sometimes called the father of
computing built the Difference Engine

Machine designed to automate the

computation (tabulation) of polynomial
functions (which are known to be good
approximations of many useful
functions)
Based on the method of finite
difference
Implements some storage

In 1833 Babbage designed the

Analytical Engine, but he died before
he could build it
It was built after his death, powered
by steam
Von Neumann Architecture
Principles
Data and instructions are both stored in the main memory(stored
program concept)
The content of the memory is addressable by location (without
regard to what is stored in that location)
Instructions are executed sequentially unless the order is explicitly
modified
The basic architecture of the computer consists of:

Computer

Data

CPU Main
Bus
Memory

Control
 von Neumann Architecture
A more complete view of the computer system architecture
that integrates interaction (human or otherwise) consists of:
Computer System
Computer
Input
Data Devic
e
CPU Main
Bus Memory Bus
Outp
Contr ut
ol Devic
e
Bus
Seconda
ry
Five Main Components:
1. CPU Storage
2. Main Memory (RAM) Device
3. I/O Devices
4. Mass Storage
5. Interconnection network (Bus)
Another view of a digital
computer
 The Instruction Cycle

The Instruction Cycle

Basic

Intermediate

Exceptions
The Instruction Cycle - Basic
View
Once the computer has been
Start
started (bootstrapped) it
continually executes
instructions (until the computer
Fetch
is stopped) Instructio
n

Different instructions take

different amounts of time to
Execute
execute (typically) Instructi
on

All instructions and data are

contained in main memory
The Instruction Cycle -
Intermediate View Start
A complete instruction consists
of Fetch
Instructio
operation code n
addressing mode
Decode
zero or more operands Instructio
n
immediately available

data (embedded within

Fetch
the instruction) Operand
the address where the

data can be found in main Execute

memory Instructi
on
The Instruction Cycle -
Exceptions Start

Possible Fetch
Exceptions, or errors, may Exceptio Instructio
n? n
occur at various points in
the instruction cycle, for Possible Decode
example: Exceptio Instructio
n? n

Possible
Exceptio Fetch
n? Operand

Possible Execute
Exceptio Instructi
n? on
 The Instruction Cycle -
Exceptions Start

Fetch
Exceptions, or errors, may occur Instructio
at various points in the instruction n
cycle, for example:
Decode
Instructio
Addressing - the memory n

does not exist or is

inaccessible Fetch
Operand

Execute
Instructi
on
The Instruction Cycle -
Exceptions Start

Exceptions, or errors, may occur Fetch

Instructio
at various points in the instruction n
cycle, for example:
Decode
Instructio
Operation - the operation code n
does not denote a valid
operation Fetch
Operand

Execute
Instructi
on
The Instruction Cycle -
Exceptions Start

Exceptions, or errors, may occur at

various points in the instruction Fetch
Instructio
cycle, for example:
n

Execution - the instruction logic Decode

fails, typically due to the input Instructio
data n
divide by zero

integer addition/subtraction
Fetch
Operand
overflow
floating point
Execute
underflow/overflow Instructi
on
THE END

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