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Documenti di Professioni
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Internal Use
Mobile Network Evolution
2.75G
2.5G
2G Enhanced Data
1G Packet Data
Digital WCDMA
Analogue
EDGE 2M, 14M
GSM
GPRS 384K
NMT
TDMA 115K TD-SCDMA
2M
TACS
PDC
AMPS cdma2000
CDMA 1X 1X EV-DO
CDMA
144K 2.4M
Internal Use
Standardization Course of ITU IMT-2000
Standardization organizations
such as 3GPP(1998.12),
3GPP2(1999) were
ITU-DS ITU-SC ITU-MC ITU-TC ITU-FT established
Internal Use
Main CDMA 3G Proposals
T1 WCDMA
TTA2(~cdma2000)
Internal Use
Target of IMT2000
Internal Use
QoS Requirements of Different Services
Sensitivity
of error
conversational
streaming
interactive
background
Sensitivity
of delay
Internal Use
WCDMA FDD
WCDMA FDD
Multiple access method DS-CDMA
Duplex Method Frequency Division
Frequency Band Uplink : 1920-1980MHz, Downlink : 2110-
2170MHz
Base Station Synchronization Asynchronous/Synchronous operation
Chip Rate 3.84Mcps
Frame Length 10ms
Service multiplexing Multiple Services with different QoS are
multiplexed on a single connection
Multi-user detection, smart antennas Supported by standard, optional in
implementation
Power Control Fast Power Control, 1.5KHz
Handover Softer, Soft & Hard Handover
Transmit Diversity Open & Closed Loop
Voice Coding AMR Voice Coding, rate 4.75kb 12.2kbps
Internal Use
WCDMA Voice Evolution
Internal Use
Data Service Evolution of WCDMA
Provide QoS
Internal Use
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 WCDMA Network Structure
Chapter 3 WCDMA Technologies
Chapter 4 WCDMA RNC Area
Internal Use
WCDMA Network Structure
CS domain
MSC/VLR GMSC PSTN/other PLMN
GSM /GPRS BSS
A
BSC
BTS HLR/AUC
SCE
PCU
Gb
SS7
SMS
SCP
Iu-CS
RNC
PS backbone Internet,
NodeB Iu-PS Intranet
SGSN
GGSN
UTRAN CG BG
PS domain
Other PLMN
Internal Use
WCDMA Interfaces
MSC SGSN
MSC SGSN
Iu-CS Iu-PS
A Interface
Gb
Iur
BSC RNC RNC
BSS A-bis
UTRAN Iub Iub
Um Uu Uu
UE UE UE
GSM WCDMA
Internal Use
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 WCDMA Network Structure
Chapter 3 WCDMA Technologies
Chapter 4 WCDMA RNC Area
Internal Use
Chapter 3 WCDMA Technologies
Section 1
- Correlation Function
- OVSF and PN code
- Information Spreading & Recovery
- Rake Receiver
Section 2
- WCDMA Transmission Block Diagram
Section 3
- Power Control
- Handover
- Diversity
Internal Use
Correlation Function
Correlation is a measure of similarity between any two arbitrary
signals.
EXAMPLE:
+1
0
-1 1 -1 1
-1 -1 1 -1 1
+1 1 1 1 1
0 1 correlation
-1 Identical signals
+1
0
-1
-1 1 -1 1
11 11
+1 -1 1 -1 1
0 Zero correlation
-1 Orthogonal signals
Internal Use
Orthogonal Function
EXAMPLE:
0000 1010
0101 0101
0101 1111
Internal Use
OVSF & Walsh Code
Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)
Cch,2,0 = (1,1)
Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,1,0 = (1)
Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,2,1 = (1,-1)
Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4
Internal Use
SF and Service Rate
Internal Use
Scrambling Code
Scrambling codes
GOLD sequence.
Uplink scrambling codes
Uplink scrambling codes are used to distinguish different UEs
Internal Use
OVSF and PN Code Usage
Internal Use
Information spreading over orthogonal codes
+1
-1
User Input 1 0 0 1 1
Orthogonal
Sequence 0110 0110 0110 0110 0110
Tx Data 1001 0110 0110 1001 1001
+1
-1
Internal Use
Information recovery
Rx Data
1001 0110 0110 1001 1001
Correct Function 0110 0110 0110 0110 0110
1111 0000 0000 1111 1111
1 0 0 1 1
+1
-1
Rx Data
1001 0110 0110 1001 1001
Incorrect Function 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101
1100 0011 0011 1100 1100
? ? ? ? ?
Internal Use
Spreading and De-spreading
The improvement of time-domain information rate means that the bandwidth of spectrum-domain
information is spread.
Sf Sf
information
information
f0 f f0 f
The spectrum before spreading The spectrum after spreading
Sf Sf
information
Interference/noise
Interference/noise
information
f0 f f0 f
The spectrum before despreading The spectrum after despreading
Correlator 1
Calculate the
Searcher correlator
time delay and
signal strength
s(t) s(t)
t t
Internal Use
Chapter 3 WCDMA Technologies
Section 1
- Correlation Function
- OVSF and PN code
- Information Spreading & Recovery
- Rake Receiver
Section 2
- WCDMA Transmission Block Diagram
Section 3
- Power Control
- Handover
- Diversity
Internal Use
Block Diagram of WCDMA System
Source Channel
coding Spreading Modulation
coding
Radio channel
Source Channel
Despreading Demodulation
decoding decoding
Internal Use
Common Technical Terms
Processing Gain:
Processing gain is the ratio of chip rate to the bit rate.
Closely related to spreading factor, SF.
Internal Use
WCDMA System
Source Coding
Voice : Adaptive multirate technique with rate 4.75kbps 12.2kbps
Channel Coding
CRC Attachment.
Check for error during transmission.
Voice : CRC check returns error, discard information
Data : CRC check returns error; ask for retransmission
Interleaving
Distribute error over data transmitted
Rate Matching
Match symbol rate to that accepted by spreading
Rate matching technique : Repeat or puncturing
Internal Use
WCDMA System
Spreading
Spreading (OVSF code)
SF 4 512, depends on data rate
Modulation
QPSK
Internal Use
Chapter 3 WCDMA Technologies
Section 1
- Correlation Function
- OVSF and PN code
- Information Spreading & Recovery
- Rake Receiver
Section 2
- WCDMA Transmission Block Diagram
Section 3
- Power Control
- Handover
- Diversity
Internal Use
Power Control
Internal Use
Open Loop Power Control
Controlled by UE.
Determine UE initial transmission power for random access procedure.
Not in use when inner loop power control running.
UE obtain information from network on:
CPICH power
Uplink interference level
Constant value (Default = 2dB)
PRACH Tx power
System information :
CPICH power, UL interference & constant
Internal Use
Inner Closed Loop Power Control
UE1 UE2
UE2
UE4 UE3
UE1 UE1 UE2 UE3 UE4
UE4
Internal Use
Outer Closed Loop Power Control
BER/BLER Value
Change in (SIR)threshold
Internal Use
Handover
Softer handover
- Handover between intra-frequency cells under the control of the same BTS
- Radio link connection to new target cell is created before existing connection
being deleted.
Soft handover
- Handover between intra-frequency cells under the control of the different BTSs
Hard handover
- Condition of hard handover:
Intra-frequency handover, cells controlled by different RNCs and no Iur interface
between them
Inter-frequency handover
Inter-system handover
Internal Use
Soft/Softer Handover
Selection combination in the RNC during soft handoff
Internal Use
Transmission Diversity : STTD
B0 B1 B2 B3 Pa
th
1
2
Path
B2 B3 B0 B1
Antenna 2
Internal Use
Transmission Diversity : TSTD
Data stream 1 Pa
th
1
2
Path
Data stream 2
Antenna 2
Internal Use
Internal Use