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The document discusses the dual nature of light as both a wave and particle. It provides examples where the wave theory of light explains phenomena like propagation, reflection, and interference. However, the wave theory does not explain the frequency dependence of thermal radiation or the photoelectric effect. Both of these phenomena were explained by proposing that energy is quantized, with light behaving as discrete packets of energy called photons. Max Planck's hypothesis that energy is quantized in specific amounts helped explain the spectrum of blackbody radiation. Einstein further developed this idea to explain the photoelectric effect by suggesting that light consists of photons with an energy dependent on their frequency.
The document discusses the dual nature of light as both a wave and particle. It provides examples where the wave theory of light explains phenomena like propagation, reflection, and interference. However, the wave theory does not explain the frequency dependence of thermal radiation or the photoelectric effect. Both of these phenomena were explained by proposing that energy is quantized, with light behaving as discrete packets of energy called photons. Max Planck's hypothesis that energy is quantized in specific amounts helped explain the spectrum of blackbody radiation. Einstein further developed this idea to explain the photoelectric effect by suggesting that light consists of photons with an energy dependent on their frequency.
The document discusses the dual nature of light as both a wave and particle. It provides examples where the wave theory of light explains phenomena like propagation, reflection, and interference. However, the wave theory does not explain the frequency dependence of thermal radiation or the photoelectric effect. Both of these phenomena were explained by proposing that energy is quantized, with light behaving as discrete packets of energy called photons. Max Planck's hypothesis that energy is quantized in specific amounts helped explain the spectrum of blackbody radiation. Einstein further developed this idea to explain the photoelectric effect by suggesting that light consists of photons with an energy dependent on their frequency.
involving light: propagation in straight line reflection refraction superposition, interference, diffraction polarization Doppler effect wave theory does not explain: frequency dependence of thermal radiation photoelectric effect
IS LIGHT A WAVE OR A PARTICLE?
answer: it is both, depending on what question you ask: it has a wave' aspect and a particle aspect Note: according to quantum theory, particles (e.g. electrons, protons,..) have also a wave aspect! (depends on what question you ask) Thermal radiation
experimental observations: atoms of a hot solid emit radiation;
increase in temperature more radiation, and
component of maximum intensity shifted towards
higher frequency (shorter wavelength) classical explanation: the hotter the solid, the more vibrational energy higher frequency of vibration of atoms/electrons higher frequency of radiation but frequency spectrum of this radiation (black body radiation calculated within framework of electromagnetism and thermodynamics did not agree with measured spectrum; predicted ultraviolet catastrophe I f4 Max Planck's hypothesis (1900): energy is quantized; oscillators (oscillating atoms) can only have certain amounts of energy relation between energy and frequency of oscillator: E = h f, where h = Plancks constant = 6.63x10 -34 Js calculation of black body spectrum using Planck's hypothesis gives formula (Planck formula) which describes measured spectra. = first evidence that energy is quantized Photoelectric effect (first observed by Heinrich Hertz in 1887) electrons are emitted when certain metallic materials exposed to light (now used in photocells in cameras, and solar energy cells) some aspects of photoelectric effect could not be explained by classical theory: classical theory: if light continuos flow of e.m. energy takes some (calculable) time for wave to supply sufficient energy for electron to be emitted; find experimentally: current flows almost immediately upon exposure to light; classical theory: light of any frequency could cause photoelectric effect - need only sufficient intensity find experimentally: only light with frequency above certain minimum frequency causes electrons to be emitted classical theory: energy of electrons depends on light intensity find experimentally: energy of electrons depends on frequency Albert Einstein's explanation: assume that not only energy in atoms is quantized, but also energy carried by light light comes in packets of energy called light quanta or photons energy of one photon = h f, where f = frequency of the light. with this assumption, all aspects of photoelectric effect could be explained photon energy vs color of light: E = hf = hc/ blue light has more energy than red light