Graphs and Samples

Chapters 2 and 3

McGrawHill/Irwin Copyright2010byTheMcGrawHillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.
From Yahoo.Com April 2011
Most Americans have little idea of just how unequal income
distribution is. And that they'd like things to be divvied up a
lot more equitably
 Example: Who drinks what?

1.BudweiserLight
2.BuschLight
3.CoorsLight
4.MichelobLight
5.MillerLite
6.NaturalLight
7.Otherbrand

Arandomsampleof285graduatingstudentswasaskedto
reportwhichofthefollowingistheirfavoritelightbeer.
Theresponseswererecordedusingtheabovecodes.

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 Who drinks Dataset
what?

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 Frequency & Relative Frequency
Distributions

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 Nominal Data (Frequency)

BarChartsareoftenusedtodisplayfrequencies

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 Nominal Data (Relative
Frequency)

PieChartsshowrelativefrequencies

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Bar Charts

BAR CHART A graph in which the classes are reported on the

horizontal axis and the class frequencies on the vertical axis. The
class frequencies are proportional to the heights of the bars.
Pie Charts

PIE CHART A chart that shows the proportion or percent

that each class represents of the total number of
frequencies.
Frequency Distribution

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION AFrequency

grouping of data into
A
mutually exclusive classes showing the number of
observations in each class.
Relative Class Frequencies

Class frequencies can be converted to relative class

frequencies to show the fraction of the total number
of observations in each class.
A relative frequency captures the relationship between
a class total and the total number of observations.
Histogram

HISTOGRAM A graph in which the classes are marked on the

horizontal axis and the class frequencies on the vertical axis. The
class frequencies are represented by the heights of the bars and the
bars are drawn adjacent to each other.
 Shapes of Histograms
Bimodal
Unimodal
Frequency

Frequency
Variable Variable
Frequency

Frequency
Variable Variable

Positively(Right)Skewed Negatively(Left)Skewed

2.14
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 Accidents involving Firestone tire models

Bar graph sorted by rank

(Called Pareto Chart) Sorted alphabetically
Easy to analyze Much less useful

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 Stem & Leaf Display

Stem Leaf
0 0000000000111112222223333345555556666666778888999999
1 000001111233333334455555667889999
2 0000111112344666778999
3 001335589
4 124445589
5 33566
6 3458
7 022224556789
8 334457889999 Thus,westillhaveaccesstoour
9 00112222233344555999 originaldatapointsvalue!
10 001344446699
11 124557889

2.16
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 Relation between two variables
Scatterplot

2.17
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Scatterplot: Beer vs Blood Alcohol Level

Student Beers BAC

1 5 0.1
2 2 0.03
3 9 0.19
6 7 0.095
7 3 0.07
9 3 0.02
11 4 0.07
13 5 0.085
4 8 0.12
5 3 0.04
8 5 0.06
10 5 0.05
12 6 0.1
14 7 0.09
15 1 0.01
16 4 0.05
Not an outlier: Outliers

The upper right-hand point here is

not an outlier of the relationshipIt
is what you would expect for this
many beers given the linear
relationship between beers/weight
and blood alcohol.

This point is not in line with the

others, so it is an outlier of the
relationship.
Graphing the Relationship between 2 Nominal
Variables

There are only a few telephone

bills in the middle range.

2.20
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Cumulative Frequency Distribution
Ogive: Cumulative Frequency Distribution Graph
Retail price of fresh oranges over
time

This time plot shows seasonal variations and an

overall upward trend in pricing over time.
 Swine flu the real one
A time plot can be used to compare two
or more data sets covering the same
time period.

10000 800
9000 700
# cases diagnosed

# deaths reported
8000
600
7000
6000 500
The pattern
5000 400
4000
indicates that
300
3000 about 8% to
200
2000 10% of the
1000 100
0 0 people
diagnosed died
shortly
afterward.

# Cases # Deaths
Graphical Excellence
Graphical Excellence is achieved when
1) large data sets are presented concisely and coherently.
2) the message being presented by the chart is clear.
3) the comparison of two or more variables is aided.
4) the substance of the data, not the form of the graph is
prominent.
5) there is no distortion of the data and findings.
 Eight Common Methods for Making a
Graph Misleading

1. Graphing/selecting an inappropriate statistic.

2. Omitting the zero on the relevant scale.
3. Manipulating the scale.
4. Using two dimensions (area) to emphasize
a one-dimensional difference.
5. Careless combination of categories in a bar
graph.
6. Inaccuracy in relative lengths of bars in a bar
graph.
7. Biased distortion or embellishment.
8. Unclear labeling.