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Professor A Chrysanthou
School of Engineering and Technology,
University of Hertfordshire
Mechanism
Fluctuating stress causes crack formation (at a stress
concentration usually), which grows slowly at first but
then speeds up, until the remaining load-bearing
material fractures
Mechanics and Properties of Materials Fracture of Materials Turbine Blade Fir-Tree Fixing 8
Fatigue Fracture Appearance
Fast fracture
zone (coarse)
Fatigue fracture zone
(smooth, beachmarked)
Crack initiation
point
Turbine Shaft
Commissioned in
1932
Defect introduced
in 1932
Final fast fracture
in 1951, 19 years
later..
Reversed
Stress Cycle
a
r
a
Repeated
Pulsating
Stress Cycle
Stress Cycle
Time
(c) Typical
stress-time
plot for the Gusts
lower Refuelling
Time
wing skin 0
of an
aircraft Taxing
loads
Touch
Mechanics and Properties of Materials Fracture of Materials 19
down
STRESS CYCLES
REVERSED STRESS CYCLE
- STRESS CYCLE IS SYMMETRICAL
AROUND ZERO MEAN STRESS
REPEATED STRESS CYCLE
- STRESS CYCLE IS ASYMMETRICAL
AROUND ZERO MEAN STRESS
Strength
Yield
Strength
Fatigue Limit
1
/4 1 10 102 103 104 105 106 107
Number of Cycles to Failure ()
Mechanics and Properties of Materials Fracture of Materials 21
S-N Curves Variations
S S-N curve for steels, Ti
alloys, some Al alloys
For steels, the fatigue limit
is about 0.4 to 0.5 the tensile
strength
Fatigue Limit
S-N curve for Al, Cu, Mg
& their alloys
N
10 2
10 3
10 4
10 5
10 6
10 7 10 8
P = 0.9
P = 0.99
S1
P = 0.01
P = 0.1 P = 0.5
N
102 103 104 105 106 107
Representation of the statistical nature of fatigue, showing the
probability (P) of fatigue failure occurring at stress amplitude S 1,
showing a range in life from ~3000 to 2000000 cycles of stress.
Mechanics and Properties of Materials Fracture of Materials 23
S-N Curves Real Data
Sa
(x103 Ib/in2)
Stress ()
(right) applied to a material reduces (a)
the stress amplitude required to cause
fatigue fracture in a given time period
(m)
(below)
(a)
(a)
0
Stress Amplitude (a)
(b)
Gerber Parabola
S
Goodman Line
Soderberg Line (a)
(b)
N
YS TS Mean
Stress (m)
Mechanics and Properties of Materials Fracture of Materials 26
Goodman line
The Goodman relation can be represented
mathematically as:
alt = lim x (1 - mean/ts)