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Energy Efficiency
Efficiency of Energy
Conversion
If we are more efficient with the
energy we already have there will
be less pollution, less reliance on
foreign oil and increased domestic
security.
Useful Energy
Energy Input Energy Output
Conversion
Device
Energy Dissipated
to the Surroundings
Useful Energy Output
Efficiency
Total Energy Input
EGEE 102 - S. Pisupa 3
Illustration
An electric motor consumes 100 watts (a joule
per second (J/s)) of power to obtain 90 watts of
mechanical power. Determine its efficiency ?
= 90 W x 100 = 90 %
100 W
ElectricMotor 90
HomeOilFurnace 65
HomeCoalFurnace 55
SteamBoiler(power
plant) 89
PowerPlant(thermal) 36
AutomobileEngine 25
LightBulbFluorescent 20
LightBulbIncandescent 5
EGEE 102 - S. Pisupa 5
Vehicle Efficiency
Gasoline Engine
25%Ofthegasolineisusedtopropelacar,therestis
lostasheat.i.eanefficiencyof0.25
Source:EnergySources/Applications/Alternatives
EGEE 102 - S. Pisupa 6
Heat Engine
A heat engine is
any device which
converts heat
energy into
mechanical energy.
Accounts for 50%
of our energy
conversion devices
TemperatureisinKelvin!!!!!!!
EGEE 102 - S. Pisupa 8
Illustration
Foracoalfiredutilityboiler,Thetemperatureofhigh
pressuresteamwouldbeabout540CandTcold,the
coolingtowerwatertemperaturewouldbeabout
20C.
CalculatetheCarnotefficiencyofthepowerplant?
293
CarnotEfficiency () 1 x100 64%
813
=35BTUx100
100BTU
=35%
OverallEfficiencyofaseriesofdevices=
(ThermalEnergy)x(MechanicalEnergy)x(ElectricalEnergy)
ChemicalEnergyThermalEnergyMechanicalEnergy
EGEE 102 - S. Pisupa 14
Overall Efficiency Cont..
(ThermalEnergy)x(MechanicalEnergy)x(ElectricalEnergy)
ChemicalEnergyThermalEnergyMechanicalEnergy
=0.88x0.41x0.97
=0.35or35%
Electricity =24%
FuelOil =53%
NaturalGas =70%
Source:http://energyoutlet.com/res/heatpump/pumping.html
EGEE 102 - S. Pisupa 21
Heat Pump Cooling
Cycle
Source:http://energyoutlet.com/res/heatpump/pumping.html
EGEE 102 - S. Pisupa 22
CoefficientofPerformance(C.O.P)
Effectivenessofaheatpumpisexpressedas
coefficientofperformance(C.O.P)
Calculatetheidealcoefficientofperformance
(C.O.P.)Foranairtoairheatpumpusedto
maintainthetemperatureofahouseat70F
whentheoutsidetemperatureis30F.
Thot=70F=21C=21+273=294K
Tcold=30F=1C=1+273=272K
C.O.P= 294
294272
=294
22
EGEE 102 - S. Pisupa 25
Consequences
For every watt of power used to
drive this ideal heat pump, 13.3 W
is delivered from the interior of the
house and 12.3 from the outside.
Theoretical maximum is never
achieved in practice This example
is not realistic. In practice, a C.O.P
in the range of 2 - 6 is typical.
Miami:Thot=294K,Tcold=277K
Bufalo:Thot=294K,Tcold=263K