WATER SUPPLY

WATER - a colourless, transparent, odourless,

liquid which forms the seas, lakes, rivers, and rain
and is the basis of the fluids of living organisms. It
is vital for all known forms oflife.

WATER SUPPLY - Water supplyis the provision

ofwaterbypublic utilities,commercial
organisations, community endeavors or by
individuals, usually via a system of pumps
andpipes.
 WATER
Humans need to drink water to survive.
Your body is approximately 60 percent
water, your brain is 70 percent water, and
your lungs are nearly 90 percent water.
Each day, your body must replace 2.4
liters. Water is more important for your
body's survival than food. You can
survive without food for more than
a month but you cannot live
without water for more than 3 to 4
days.
Theuses of waterinclude
drinking, washing and cleaning,
cooking, transportation,
providing hydroelectric power,
irrigation and recreation.
Living beings needwaterto
move nutrients into their cells
Direct consumption daily use at homes,
and farms;
Indirect consumption manufacturing
commodities, electricity, transportation,
recreation.
 WATER SUPPLY
ENGINEERING
Source of supply Quality &
Quantity of
water
Surface source Under-ground
source
River Lake Springs Well Infiltration
Reservoirs gallery
Draw Tube
Treatment Infiltration
works wells wells
Sedimentation Filtration wells
Disinfection
Water softening
DISTRIBUTION RESERVOIR OR SUMP WELL

Low level High level

Distribution system Distribution reservoir

District Branches &

water mains service pipe

Utilisation of
water
Waste water

SANITARY ENGINEERING
 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
The following stages are necessary to be studies as
SOURCES OF WATER
SOURCES OF WATER
Rain water - The chief source of water supply. It can
be collected from roofs of buildings and special water
sheds and stored in cisterns or ponds.
Advantage Water is soft & pure and is suitable for
the hot water supply system.
Disadvantage Only a source during the wet season.
- Storage becomes a breeding place for
mosquitoes.
- Roofs may not be clean.
Natural surface water Surface sources includes
rivers, lakes, ponds and reservoirs.

Advantage usually easy to acquire in large quantities.

- Used for irrigation, industrial purposes and
when treated, for community water supply.
Disadvantage Contains a large amounts of
bacteria, organic, & inorganic substances. Purification
& treatment is necessary.

Ground water The portion of the rainwater which

has percolated into the earth to form underground
deposits called aquifers. The principal source of water
for domestic use in most rural areas.

Advantage usually has an abundant supply

- Requires less treatment because of
natural filtering
Disadvantage may have organic matter & chemical
elements usually treatment is suggested.
SOURCES OF WATER
1. Surface sources, such as
Ponds and lakes;
Streams and rivers;
Storage reservoirs; and
Oceans, generally not used
for water supplies, at
present.

2. Sub-surface sources or
underground sources, such as
Springs;
Infiltration wells ; and
Wells and Tube-wells.
 SURFACE SOURCES
Lakes & Streams
- Flow of water is ample in rainy season, less & less or dry in
hot seasons.
- Catchment area is small
- Quantity is low, Quantity of runoff should be determined
- not suitable for large cities, but adopted for
hilly areas & small towns.
- Free from impurities & safe for
consumption.

Ponds
- Man-made body of standing water smaller than a lake.
- Quantity small, Quality many impurities.
- Not a source of water supply, can be used for washing clothes, for
animals etc.
 SURFACE SOURCES
River - Since the dawn of civilization, Man
settled on the banks of river. Occurrence of
floods did not disappoint the man, rather he tried
to study the regularities of flood.
- Principal source of water.
- Perennial, Non- Perennial rivers Dams
- Navigation, irrigation purposes
- recreation activity bathing, boating, fishing
- Quality not reliable, contains silt, suspended impurities.
- sewage discharge high contamination.

Storage reservoir
- At present, Chief source of water for big cities.
- in addition to water supply provision for other uses such as irrigation
& power generation.
 GROUND SOURCES
The water that has percolated into the ground is brought on the surface.
The entrance of rain water into the ground is referred to as infiltration.
The movement of water after entrance is called percolation.

Aquifers - Surface of earth

consists of alternate courses of
pervious and impervious strata.
The pervious layers are those
through which water can easily
pass while it is not possible for
water to go through an
impervious layer. The pervious
layers are known as the
aquifers or water-bearing
strata.
Quality the process of However Ground water absorbs
natural filtration takes place various salts. The amount and
when rainfall percolates character of salts depends on the
through the ground. Hence the chemical composition &length of
waters are clear and free from underground travel. The usual
impurities. minerals present are calcium, iron,
magnesium, manganese, potassium.

Water table :- The upper surface of free water in top soil is

termed as ground water level or water table.
- varies by season not horizontal, follows the profile of
ground level.

GROUND SOURCES
Forms of underground sources
Infiltration galleries
Infiltration wells
Springs
Wells
Infiltration galleries: The gallery is constructed of brick walls with slab
roof. The gallery obtains water from the water bearing strata by various porous
drain pipes. These pipes are covered with gravel, pebble etc. to prevent the
entry of very fine material into the pipe.
Infiltration wells: To obtain large quantities of water, infiltration wells are
sunk in the banks of river. The wells are closed at top and open at bottom, they
are constructed of brick masonry with open joints. The water infiltrates thro the
bottom of such wells and as it has to pass thro sand bed, it gets purified to some
extent.
Springs: when ground water appears at the surface for any
reason, the springs are formed.
Wells: A water well is an excavation or structure created in the ground by
digging, driving, boring, or drilling to access groundwater in underground
aquifers. The well water is drawn by a pump, or using containers, such as
buckets, that are raised mechanically or by hand.
Wells can vary greatly in depth, water volume, and water quality. Well
water typically contains more minerals in solution than surface water.
Classification of wells
1. Shallow wells, 2. Deep wells, 3. Tube wells, 4. Artesian
wells.
1. Shallow wells
The shallow wells are constructed in the uppermost layer of the
earths surface. The diameter varies from 2 to 6m, and depth from 6
to 8m. Also known as draw wells or gravity wells or open wells or
dug wells or percolation wells.
Quantity generally limited, as their source of supply is the
uppermost layer of earth only. Not suitable for public water supply
scheme.
Quality better than river water. But it is not reliable and
requires purification.(near by septic tank)
Use used for small villages, undeveloped municipal towns etc,
rather than using bad quality of water.
2. Deep wells
The deep well obtains water from an aquifer
below an imperious layer. Also known as pressure
well.
3. Tube wells
A tube well is a deep well having a diameter of
about 50mm to 200 mm and it obtains water from a
number of aquifer.
Quantity generally sufficient and more or less reliable.
Quality generally very good, found to possess hardness & need to
be treated.
Use sources of water supply for residential colonies, small towns,
isolated portions of cities etc.
Advantages of Tube Wells
1. Not liable to contamination
2. Water can be brought on surface by suitable pumps.
3. Entry of water from top porous layer can be prevented by
inserting blind pipes of galvanized iron or steel
4. Construction is easier and cheaper than ordinary well
5. Possible to reclaim the water-logged areas
4. Artesian wells
The artesian condition develops when an aquifer is enclosed
between 2 impervious layers. When a hole is made in the ground, the
water comes out with force under pressure.
Quantity plenty
Quality very pure, does not
require any treatment
Use rare to find artesian
conditions, not of much
important as source of public
water supply.
Types of well construction
Dug wells Manual labour is employed, a circular wall of small
height is constructed to prevent the entry of surface water - adopted
for shallow wells.
Driven wells a specially designed well point is driven
( heavy wooden hammer) into the ground const of deep wells in
unconsolidated soils
Bored or drilled wells special boring or drilling equipment
const of tube wells.
Bored or drilled wells
No. Item Surface sources Underground sources
Forms in Lakes, streams, ponds, rivers Infiltration galleries,
1. which and storage reservoirs infiltration wells, springs and
available wells
They are sometimes highly They are generally free from
polluted and unsafe to consume. impurities because of natural
Quality of They contain inorganic filtration but may contain
2.
water impurities, organic impurities large amounts of dissolved
and industrial wastes. salts, minerals and gases.
Huge quantity of water is The quantity of water
Quantity of available during monsoon, but is available is generally
3. considerably reduced during limited.
water
summer
They are to be suitably tested They can be supplied to the
and a line of treatment is to be public with no or minor
4. Treatment decided before they are adopted treatment
for public use.
They are useful for big towns
They are useful for small
5. Use and cities. They can be adopted
towns and villages only
for irrigation facilities also.
QUANTITY OF WATER
Quantity of water can calculated by analyzing the 2 factors

1. Rate of demand: The requirements of water for various

uses are properly analysed and ultimately, the rate of
consumption per head is worked out.
2. Population: The persons to be serves by the scheme are
calculated and estimate of future population is worked out.
Rate of demand: Depends on standard of living and degree of
culture. Demand of water for various purposes is divided into 5
categories.
1. Domestic purposes : Drinking(2L), cooking(5L),
bathing(30 40L/50 80L), washing hands and face(5
10L), household sanitary purposes(50 60L), private
gardening and irrigation etc.
As per Is : 200 l/c/d (with fully flushing system)
135l/c/d (for weaker sections and LIG)

2. Civic or public purposes : Road washing, sanitation

purposes, ornamental purposes, Fire demand (Usually fire
occurs in factories and stores. The fire hydrants should be located at
a distance not more than 150m or so. The discharge of stream
should be about 1100L per min.) 20 l/c/d
3. Industrial purposes: Factories, power stations, Railways &
airports. As per IS: 50 l/c/d (for normal industries), 450 l/c/d
(industrial cities).
4. Business or trade purposes: Diaries, hotels, laundries, motor
garages, schools, hospitals, theatres etc. (15 25 l/day)
5. Loss and waste: Careless use of water, leakage in mains or valves
etc.
Normal Range
Types of Consumption Average %
(lit/capita/day)
1 Domestic Consumption 65-300 160 35 %
Industrial and Commercial
2 45-450 135 30%
Demand
Public Uses including Fire
3 20-90 45 10%
Demand
4 Losses and Waste 45-150 62 25%

Per capita demand : It is the annual average amount of water required for
one person, it includes domestic use, industrial & commercial use, public
use, wastage etc.
Factors affecting Rate of Demand
1. Climatic condition
2. Cost of water
3. Distribution pressure
4. Habits of population
5. Industries
6. Policy of metering
7. Quality of water
8. Sewerage
9. Size of city
10. System of supply
Population: Total number of human beings residing in a certain
area at any particular time, it is obtained by referring statistics of
census record.
The water supply project is not designed for present population,
but it is made to accommodate the future population at the end of 3
or 4 decades.
The future period for which various service units of water
supply or sanitary engineering are designed is known as the period
of design.

Water Quantity Estimation

The quantity of water required for municipal uses for which the
water supply scheme has to be designed requires following data:
1. Water consumption rate (Per Capita Demand in litres per day per head)
2. Population to be served.

Quantity= Per capita demand x Population

QUALITY OF WATER
Meaning of pure water:- The water required for public water
supply scheme should be potable or wholesome water i.e. fit
for drinking purposes.
- Not essential to be physically or chemically pure.
- presence of some minerals is essential for taste of water
i.e. to make it palatable.
- The term wholesome water is used to indicate the water
which is not chemically pure, but does not contain anything
harmful to the human body.
- The wholesomeness is a must while the palatability of
water is desirable.
 QUALITY OF WATER

1. Domestic use Potable or Wholesome water.

2. Civic use washing roads, cleaning of sewers large quantity
is required - any amount of impurities or suspended material can
be tolerated but not sewage water.
3. Trade or business use depends upon the nature of trade.
Laundry water should not be hard, it will result in more
consumption of soap; Bathing cattle, washing stable floors
may contain any type of impurities.
4. Commercial or industrial use water should be chemically
pure.