EET301 Chapter 1

EET301/
4
POWER
SYSTEM
ENGINEERI
NG
1
Chapter 1
Introduction to Power
Generation
EET 301/4 Power System Engineering 2016/2017 Semester I 2

Contents
1.1 Modern Power System
1.2 Energy Power Sources
1.2.1 Hydroelectric Power Generation
1.2.2 Thermal Power Generation
1.2.3 Nuclear Power Generation
1.2.4 Geothermal Power Generation
1.2.5 Wind Power Generation
1.2.6 Solar Power Generation

Modern Power System
Introduction
The power system of today is a complex interconnected
network.
A power system can be subdivided into 4 major parts:

Generation
Transmission and Sub transmission
Distribution
Loads

Modern Power System
Generation
One of the essential components of power systems is the
three phase AC generator known as synchronous
generator or alternator.
Generator
Exciter
View of a two-pole round rotor generator and exciter.

Modern Power System
Generation
Synchronous generators have 2 synchronous rotating fields:-
One fields is produced by the rotor driven at synchronous
speed and excited by a dc current. The dc current is
provided by excitation systems.
One field is produced in the stator windings by the three-
phase armature currents.
In a power plant, the size of generator can vary from 50 MW
to 1500 MW.
Use several generator connected in parallel in power grid to
provide total power.

Modern Power System
Generation
Another major component of power systems is the
transformer.
Function:- Transfer power with very high efficiency
from one level of voltage to another level.
The power transferred to the secondary is almost the
same as the primary, except for the losses in the
transformer.

Modern Power System
Transmission and Subtransmission

The purpose of an overhead transmission network is to transfer
electric energy from generating units at various locations to the
distribution system which ultimately supplies the load.
HV transmission lines are terminated at substations which are
called HV substation, receiving substations or primary
substations
Transmission voltage lines operating at more than 60 kV are
standardized at 69 kV, 115 kV, 138 kV, 161 kV, 230 kV, 345 kV,
500 kV, and 765 kV line-to-line.
Based on ANSI, transmission voltage above 230kV usually
referred to as Extra-High Voltage (EHV)

Subtransmission is the portion of the transmission
system that connects the HV substation through step-
down transformer to the distribution substation.
Sometimes the subtransmission voltage is tapped
along the way for use in industrial or large
commercial operations.
Some utilities categorize these as transmission
lines.
In Malaysia, the transmission voltage networks are
500kV, 275kV and 132kV.
Supply frequency: 50Hz 1%

Modern Power System
Distribution
The distribution system is the part which connects the
distribution substations to the consumers service-entrance
equipment.
The secondary distribution network reduces the voltage for
utilization by commercial and residential consumer, normally
at the level of 415 V (3-phase) or 240V (single phase).
Distribution systems are both overhead and underground.
In Malaysia, Distribution voltages are 33kV, 11kV and 415/240
Volts. (Johor & Perak may also include 22kV and 6.6kV).

Table 2: Voltage classes as applied to industrial and commercial power
Voltage Class Nominal System

Voltage
Low Voltage (LV) 120/240V
1kV
Medium Voltage (MV) Up to 69kV
High Voltage (HV) Up to 230kV
Extra High Voltage Up to 765kV
(EHV)

Modern Power System
Loads
Loads of power system are divide into industrial, commercial
and residential.
Large industrial loads are served directly from sub
transmission network.
Small industrial loads are served from the primary distribution
network.
The real power loads are expressed in terms of kilowatts or
megawatts.
The magnitude of load varies throughout the day and the
power must be available to consumers on demand.

Energy Power Sources

Hydroelectric Power Generation
Introduction
The energy of water utilized for hydro-power generation
may be kinetic or potential.
Kinetic energy of water is an energy in motion and is a
function of mass and velocity while potential energy is a
function of the different in level of water between two
points ( called the head).
In either case continuous availability of water is a basic
requirement. For this purpose water collected in natural
lakes and reservoir at high altitudes may be made by us
or water may be artificially stored by constructing dams
across flowing streams.

Hydrology Process
Hydroelectric power uses the kinetic energy of moving water to
make electricity. The hydrologic cycle is very important to
hydropower. The hydro energy comes indirectly from solar energy.

Factors for Selection of Site

Following factors should be considered while selecting the site
of hydro power station
1. Quantity Of Water Available
This is estimated on the basis of a measurements of stream flow
over as long a period as possible. Previous records of rainfall are
studied and minimum and maximum quantity of water available
during the year are estimated.
After following for losses due to evaporation and percolation the
net volume of water available for power generation can be
estimated.
2. Distance Of Power Station Site From Load Centre
In case the load centre is away from the site, the cost of
transmission line and the losses occurring in the line will increase
the cost considerably.

Factors for Selection of Site

Following factors should be considered while selecting the site
of hydro power station ( cont.)
3. Storage of Water
Wide variation of rainfall during the years makes it necessary to
store water for continuous generation of power throughout the year.
4. Head of Water
The available water head depends upon the topography of the area.
It has a considerable effect on the cost and economy of power
generation. Low falls on unregulated streams are subjected wide
variation which effect the net head, and may, in fact, reduce it to an
abnormally low value, uneconomical for power generation.
5. Accessibility Of The Site
The site should be easily accessible by rail as well as by road.
Thermal Power Generation
Introduction
Thermal generating stations produce electricity from the
heat released by the combustion of coal, oil or natural
gas. Most stations have ratings between 200 MW and
1500 MW so as to attain the high efficiency and economy
of a large installation.
Normally located near a river, lake or sea because a large
quantities of cooling water are needed to condense the
steam as it exhaust from the turbine.

Major Forms of Fossil Fuels

There are 3 major forms of fossil fuels:-
1. Coal
Is a hard, black colored rock-like substance. Made up of carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and varying amounts of sulphurs.
2. Oil
Formed more than 300 million years ago.
Tiny diatoms are the source of oil. Diatoms are sea creatures the
size of pin head
3. Natural Gas
Lighter than air
Mostly made up of a gas called methane
Usually found near petroleum underground

Basic Structure and Principle Component

1st stage: The chemical energy of the fuel is converted into
heat energy when crunched coil, atomized oil or gas is
blown under pressure into a boiler and burned. Thermo
3rd stage: Occurs when the mechanical energy
chemical reaction called combustion created. A huge boiler
produced b the turbine drives the generator, which
act as a furnace, transferring heat from the burning fuel to
produced the electricity. Again some energy losses
row upon row of the water tube, which entirely surround by
occurs in the conversion.
the flames.
2nd stage: Water kept circulating through feed water

pump. During this stage, part of the fuel energy is
transferred to the fluid, part of it remains with
combustion product, which discharge through stack.
When the superheated steam from the boiler is fed to

the steam turbine where part of the thermal energy is
converted into mechanical energy by means of a
momentum transfer process between the high velocity
steam and the moving blades. The remainder is lost to
the condenser or to the surrounding.
Simplified Schematic Diagram Of Fossil Fuel Power Plant Function

21
EET 301/4 Power System Engineering 2016/2017 Semester I
Efficiency Of Thermal Power Station

The efficiency of thermal power stations is always low because
of the inherent low efficiency of the turbines. The maximum
efficiency of any machine that converts heat energy into
mechanical energy is given by equation:-
T2
(1 ) x100
T1
Where:-
= efficiency of the machine (%)
T1=Temperature of the gas entering the turbine[K]
T2= Temperature of the gas leaving the turbine [K]


Example 1
In most thermal generating stations the gas is steam. In order to
obtain a high efficiency, the quotient T2/T1 should be as small
as possible. However temperature T2 cannot be lower than the
ambient temperature, which is usually about 20C. As a result,
T2 cannot be less than
T2=20C + 273C= 293K,
This ,means that to obtain high efficiency, T1 should be as high
as possible. The problem is that the steel, bearing and others
metals cannot use beyond its safely withstand level.
Thus, it turns out that the highest feasible temperature T1 is
about 550C.


Example 1 (Cont.)
As a result,
T3=550C + 273C=823K
It follows that the maximum possible efficiency of a turbine

driven by steam that enters at 843 K and exist at 293 K is
=(1-(293/823))x100 = 64.4%
Due to other losses, some of the most efficient steam turbines

have efficiencies of 35%. This means that 65% of the thermal
energy is lost during the thermal-to-mechanical conversion
process.

Nuclear Power Generation
Introduction
In nuclear power generation, nuclear fission takes place
when a free neutron strikes the nucleus of a fissile
material, such as 235U.
On impact the nucleus splits into several particles; two
major fission fragments such as radioactive krypton and
cesium, and 2 to 5 new free neutrons releasing energy
which is manifested as a heat.
In this process some of the new neutrons released
collided with each other fissile nuclei which also split and
chain reaction is set up.

Introduction
The plant containing the fissile material is a called a
reactor or a pile.
The reactor produces heat which must be converted into
energy via heat exchanger, turbine and generator. There
are many different types of reactors with different
coolants and moderators, and different types of fissile
fuel.
Two types of general rectors are:-
Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR)
Boiling Water Reactor (BWR)

Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR)

A pressurized water reactor (PWR) is a power reactor in which
heat is transferred from the core to the heat exchanger by water
kept at high temperatures without boiling in primary circuit.
The heat energy transferred to the second water system
generates steam therein. The steam in turn drives a turbine
generator set, which produces electricity.
The system basically consists of a pressure vessel containing
nuclear fuel which generates the heat energy, a steam
generator in which the heat energy is used to generate steam, a
circulating pump which circulates coolant and pressurized that
maintains and controls system pressure.

Boiling Water Reactor (BWR)

The BWR power system is a direct-cycle steam
generating system in which the reactor coolant is
permitted to boil in the core, and resulting steams flows
directly to a turbine via moisturizer separators and steam
dryers.
After passing through a suitable heat cycle, the steam is
condensed.
From the condenser, the condensate is pumped through
full-flow polishing demineralizers, feed water heaters and
then back to the reactor.

Geothermal Power Generation
Introduction
Geothermal power is defined as the transfer of heat from
the hot interior of the earth to the cooler exterior. The
heat originates from molten rock in the earths crust.
Water is then pumped to the surface by deep well pumps.
The water gives up its heat in a heat exchanger to heat a
liquid to a boiling point and then it is superheated.
Then steam is injected in the turbine. The condensate
from turbine is changed into water.
The water then gets cooled off in a cooling system. The
cooled water can be pumped back below ground to be
reheated by the earth.

Wind Power Generation
Introduction
Wind energy is the use of the wind as an energy source. A
wind energy system transforms the kinetic (moving) energy of
the wind into mechanical or electrical energy that can be
harnessed for practical use.
Wind has been utilized as a source of power for thousands of
years for such tasks as propelling sailing ships, grinding grain,
pumping water, and powering factory machinery.
Mechanical energy: Wind energy can be harnessed by sails for
transportation (sailboats) and other purposes such as grinding
grain and pumping water.
Electrical energy: Harnessing the wind for electricity
generation is the most widespread use of wind energy today.

Introduction
Wind power plants or wind farms as they are sometimes
called, are clusters of wind machines used to produce
electricity.
A wind farm usually has dozens of wind machines
scattered over a large area.
Unlike power plants, many wind plants are not owned by
public utility companies. Instead they are owned and
operated by business people who sell the electricity
produced on the wind farm to electric utilities.
These private companies are known as Independent
Power Producers (IPPs)
Introduction
Operating a wind power plant is not as simple as just
building a windmill in a windy place.
Wind plant owners must carefully plan where to locate
their machines.
One important thing to consider is how fast and how
much the wind blows. As a rule, wind speed increases
with altitude and over open areas with no windbreaks.
Good sites for wind plants are the tops of smooth,
rounded hills, open plains or shorelines, and mountain
gaps that produce wind funneling. Wind speed varies
throughout the country. It also varies from season to
season
Classification of Wind Turbines

Classify wind turbines is in terms of the axis around which the
turbine blades rotate. Most are horizontal axis wind turbines
(HAWT), but there are some with blades that spin around a
vertical axis (VAWT).
Horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT) are either upwind machines (a) or downwind machines (b). Vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT) accept the
wind from any direction (c).

Solar (Photovoltaic) Power Generation
Introduction
The sunlight can be change directly to electricity by using
solar cells. Solar cells are also called as photovoltaic
cells or PV cells. It can be found on many small
appliances, like calculator, and even a space craft.
A material or device that is capable of converting the
energy contained in photons of light into an electrical
voltage and current is said to be photovoltaic (PV).
The "photovoltaic effect" is the basic physical process
through which a PV cell converts sunlight into electricity.
Sunlight is composed of photons, or particles of solar
energy.

Introduction
These photons contain various amounts of energy corresponding
to the different wavelengths of the solar spectrum. When photons
strike a PV cell, they may be reflected or absorbed, or they may
pass right through. Only the absorbed photons generate electricity.
When this happens, the energy of the photon is transferred to an
electron in an atom of the cell. With its newfound energy, the
electron is able to escape from its normal position associated with
that atom to become part of the current in an electrical circuit.
By leaving this position, the electron causes a "hole" to form.
Special electrical properties of the PV cella built-in electric
fieldprovide the voltage needed to drive the current through an
external load.

Introduction
Electrons flow from the n-side contact, through the load,
and back to the p-side where they recombine with holes.
Conventional current I is in the opposite direction.

From Cells To Modules To Arrays
An individual cell produces only about 0.5 V, it is a rare

application for which just a single cell is of any use.
Instead, the basic building block for PV applications is a
module consisting of a number of pre-wired cells in series, all
encased in tough, weather-resistant packages.

From Cells To Modules To Arrays

When photovoltaic's are wired in series, they all carry the
same current, and at any given current their voltages.
For cells wired in

series, their voltages
at any given current
add. A typical module
will have 36 cells.

From Module to Arrays
For modules in series, at any given current the voltages

add.

For modules in parallel, at any given voltage the currents

add.


Two ways to wire an array
with three modules in series
and two modules in parallel.
Although the I V curves for
arrays are the same, two
strings of three modules
each (a) is preferred.
The total I V curve of the
array is shown in (c).
(c)

There are two ways to imagine wiring a series/parallel
combination of modules: The series modules may be wired as
strings, and the strings wired in parallel or the parallel modules
may be wired together first and those units combined in series.
The total I V curve is just the sum of the individual module
curves, which is the same in either case when everything is
working right.
There is a reason, however, to prefer the wiring of strings in
parallel. If an entire string is removed from service for some
reason, the array can still deliver whatever voltage is needed
by the load, though the current is diminished, which is not the
case when a parallel group of modules is removed.
~END~

EET301 Chapter 1

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EET301/

EET 301/4 Power System Engineering 2016/2017 Semester I 2

EET 301/4 Power System Engineering 2016/2017 Semester I 3

A power system can be subdivided into 4 major parts:

EET 301/4 Power System Engineering 2016/2017 Semester I 4

View of a two-pole round rotor generator and exciter.

EET 301/4 Power System Engineering 2016/2017 Semester I 7

EET 301/4 Power System Engineering 2016/2017 Semester I 8

Transmission and Subtransmission

EET 301/4 Power System Engineering 2016/2017 Semester I 9

EET 301/4 Power System Engineering 2016/2017 Semester I 10

EET 301/4 Power System Engineering 2016/2017 Semester I 11

Voltage Class Nominal System

EET 301/4 Power System Engineering 2016/2017 Semester I 12

EET 301/4 Power System Engineering 2016/2017 Semester I 13

EET 301/4 Power System Engineering 2016/2017 Semester I 14

EET 301/4 Power System Engineering 2016/2017 Semester I 15

EET 301/4 Power System Engineering 2016/2017 Semester I 16

Factors for Selection of Site

EET 301/4 Power System Engineering 2016/2017 Semester I 17

Factors for Selection of Site

EET 301/4 Power System Engineering 2016/2017 Semester I 19

Major Forms of Fossil Fuels

EET 301/4 Power System Engineering 2016/2017 Semester I 20

Basic Structure and Principle Component

2nd stage: Water kept circulating through feed water

When the superheated steam from the boiler is fed to

Simplified Schematic Diagram Of Fossil Fuel Power Plant Function

Efficiency Of Thermal Power Station

EET 301/4 Power System Engineering 2016/2017 Semester I 22

Efficiency Of Thermal Power Station

EET 301/4 Power System Engineering 2016/2017 Semester I 23

Efficiency Of Thermal Power Station

It follows that the maximum possible efficiency of a turbine

Due to other losses, some of the most efficient steam turbines

EET 301/4 Power System Engineering 2016/2017 Semester I 24

EET 301/4 Power System Engineering 2016/2017 Semester I 25

EET 301/4 Power System Engineering 2016/2017 Semester I 26

Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR)

EET 301/4 Power System Engineering 2016/2017 Semester I 27

Boiling Water Reactor (BWR)

EET 301/4 Power System Engineering 2016/2017 Semester I 28

EET 301/4 Power System Engineering 2016/2017 Semester I 29

EET 301/4 Power System Engineering 2016/2017 Semester I 30

Classification of Wind Turbines

EET 301/4 Power System Engineering 2016/2017 Semester I 33

EET 301/4 Power System Engineering 2016/2017 Semester I 34

EET 301/4 Power System Engineering 2016/2017 Semester I 35

EET 301/4 Power System Engineering 2016/2017 Semester I 36

From Cells To Modules To Arrays

An individual cell produces only about 0.5 V, it is a rare

EET 301/4 Power System Engineering 2016/2017 Semester I 37

From Cells To Modules To Arrays

For cells wired in

EET 301/4 Power System Engineering 2016/2017 Semester I 38

From Module to Arrays

For modules in series, at any given current the voltages

EET 301/4 Power System Engineering 2016/2017 Semester I 39

From Module to Arrays

For modules in parallel, at any given voltage the currents

EET 301/4 Power System Engineering 2016/2017 Semester I 40

From Module to Arrays

From Module to Arrays

EET 301/4 Power System Engineering 2016/2017 Semester I 43