9th GRADE

BIOLOGY COURSE

HAVE A NICE YEAR

 9th GRADE BIOLOGY UNITS
UNIT I:BIOLOGY THE SCIENCE OF LIFE
NATURE OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE AND BIOLOGY
COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS
MAIN COMPONENTS OF LIVING THINGS
 UNIT II:THE WORLD OF LIVING THINGS
THE CELL
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS

UNIT III:CURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

POLLUTIONS
PROTECTING ENVIRONMENT
 BIOLOGY

BIOS:LIFE
LOGOS:THINKING REASONING
SO : IT IS THE STUDY OF LIFE
Branches
of
biology
HISTORY
OF
BIOLOGY
Starts with agriculture and
medicines in ancient Egypt, India
and China.
Remember mummies
 In the fourth century Greek
philosopher ARISTOTLE classified
organisms on structure and function
LEONARDO DA VINCI and
MICHELANGELO studied human anatomy
with detailed drawings

LEONARDO
DA VINCI

ANATOMICAL MONA LISA

DRAWING PORTRAIT
 LAURENTIU
S

MICHELANGEL
O

CREATION OF
ADAM
 Main studies in biology starts after the
invention of light microscope with
GALILEO
Galileo was born in Italy in 1564. Although his father
was a musician, he hoped that his son would become a
doctor

GALILEO

TELESCOPE
Made of wood,
GALILEOS copper and paper
MICROSCOPE LENS OF
TELESCOPE
 ROBERT HOOKE used the term cell in
his studies with cork cells
 ANTHONY VAN LEEUWENHOEK
studied single celled
organisms

LEEUWENHOE
K SINGLE CELLED
ORGANISMS
 ROBERT BROWN showed
nucleus

ROBERT ORCHID CELLS

BROWN UNDER
BROWNS BROWNS
MICROSCOPE MICROSCOPE
 SCHWAN and
SCHLEIDEN formed cell
theory

Thodore Matthias Jakob

Schwann Schleiden
Zoologist Botanist
 CAROLUS LINNEAEUS
formed his own classification
system

CAROLUS
LINNEAEUS
 CHARLES DARWIN formed the
theories of evolution and published his
famous book ORIGIN OF SPECIES
 GREGOR MENDEL Used the term
GENE as the unit of inheritance
 LOUIS PASTEUR found the vaccine
for rabies , disproved abiogenesis.

LOUIS
PASTEUR
HIS STUDIES

http://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Abiogenesis
 Sir ALEXANDER FLEMING found
penicilin
 WATSON and CRICK
formed the DNA model
 WILHELM RONTGEN used
X rays for treatment
 FEATURES OF SCIENTIST

A scientist should have the following

characteristics:

Logical
Open-minded or not dogmatic,
Curious or suspicious,
Objective,
Planned
Creative

WHAT DO YOU THINK?

CAN YOU
BE A SCIENTIST?
Recent Biological Studies

HUMAN GENOME PROJECT

STEM CELL RESEARCH
GMO
The Steps of the
Scientific Method

https://hmsgrade6.wikispaces.com/Scientific+Method
The Scientific Method
involves a series of steps
that are used to
investigate a natural
occurrence.
 1.Problem/Question
2.Observation/Research
3.Formulate a Hypothesis
4.Controlled Experiment
5.Collect and Analyze Results
6.Conclusion
7.Communicate the Results
1.Problem/Question
Develop a question or
problem that can be solved
through experimentation.
2.Observation/Research
Make observations and
research your topic of interest.
 Types of Data
Data are recorded observations or items of
information; these fall into two categories
Qualitative data, or descriptions rather than
measurements
For example, Jane Goodalls observations of chimpanzee
behavior

Quantitative data, or recorded

measurements, which are sometimes
organized into tables and graphs
Figure 1.23
 Inductive Reasoning
Inductive reasoning draws conclusions
through the logical process of induction
Repeating specific observations can lead to
important generalizations
For example, the sun always rises in the
east

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

3.Forming and testing Hypothesis
Observations and inductive reasoning
can lead us to ask questions and
propose hypothetical explanations
called hypotheses

Predict a possible answer to the

problem or question.
The hypothesis is an
educated guess about the
relationship between the
independent and
dependent variables.
e.g: Amount of sun exposure will
increase the growth of a tomato
plant.
Figure 1.24

Observations

Question

Hypothesis #1: Hypothesis #2:

Dead batteries Burnt-out bulb

Prediction: Prediction:
Replacing batteries Replacing bulb
will fix problem will fix problem

Test of prediction Test of prediction

Test falsifies hypothesis Test does not falsify hypothesis

Figure 1.24a

Observations

Question

Hypothesis #1: Hypothesis #2:

Dead batteries Burnt-out bulb
Figure 1.24b

Hypothesis #1: Hypothesis #2:

Dead batteries Burnt-out bulb

Prediction: Prediction:
Replacing batteries Replacing bulb
will fix problem will fix problem

Test of prediction Test of prediction

Test falsifies hypothesis Test does not falsify hypothesis

 Deductive Reasoning and
Hypothesis Testing

Deductive reasoning uses general

premises to make specific predictions
For example, if organisms are made of
cells (premise 1), and humans are
organisms (premise 2), then humans are
composed of cells (deductive prediction)

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

 A prediction is made on the basis of
the hypothesis.
A good prediction shows a logical
linkage between cause and result that are
expressed by if........ then.... sentences.

e.g: If I add salt to fresh water, then the

water will freeze at a lower temperature.
 The independent, (manipulated variable), is a factor
thats intentionally varied by the experimenter.
The dependent (responding variable) is ;

the factor that may change as a result of

changes made in the independent variable.
http://edtech2.boisestate.edu/angelacovil/506/procedure.ht
 More examples with
variables

https://www.britannica.com/science/scientific-method/images-
videos/The-variable-deliberately-changed-in-an-experiment-is-known-
Visual displays of data
Visual displays of data
5.Experiment
Develop and follow
a procedure.
Include a detailed
materials list.
The outcome must
be measurable.
 CONTROLLED EXPERIMENT

In a controlled experiment, two identical

experiments are set up. One set-up is called
the controlled group. The other set-up is the
experimental group.
 Control Group

The control group is the group in

an experiment that does not receive
the variable you are testing.
The control group is exposed to the
same conditions as the experimental
group, except for the variable being
tested.

All experiments should have a control

group.
 Experimental group

An experimental group is the

group that receives the variable
being tested in an experiment.
 Constants

Constants in an experiment refer to

things that do not change when
repeating trials in the experiment.
 Constants

All the factors or conditions in two

groups are kept identical.
6.Collect and Analyze Results

Modify the procedure if needed.

Confirm the results by retesting.
Include tables, graphs, and
photographs.
 Conclusion

A Conclusion is a statement
based on
the results of the experiment.

The conclusion may or may not

support the hypothesis.
 Conclusion

If hypothesis is disproved we change it

and form a new one
If results support the hypothesis we
keep
it and we do more experiments

Our hypothesis becomes more reliable

Form theory
A THEORY is an explanation
backed by results from repeated
tests or experiments.
A PRACTICE WITH THE
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
 Heat Energy produced by Organisms

1)Define the Problem:

Which life processes release heat?
If so, how much heat released?
Do germinating seeds release heat?
2)Make observations:

a)Qualitative observation: Feeling of heat by

touching the seeds

b)Quantitative observation: Recording the

temperature change by using thermometer.
3)Form the hypothesis:

Moist seeds give off heat as food

in the seeds is used for the
development of the plant.

What can be the predictions?

4)Predictions:

"If moist seeds use stored food

for the development, then they
give off heat which will increase
the temperature in a vacuum
bottle."
5)Making experiments:
6)Conclusion:

Results show that moist pea seeds,

while germinating, consumed
stored food by giving off heat
which will cause an increase in the
thermometer.