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Drill String & Casing

String

Prepared By
Archana
Assistant Professor/PE
Indian School Of Mines, Dhanbad
Drill String & Casing String

Parts
Function & Operations
Selection/ Design
DRILL STRING

The drill string is very important part of the rotary drilling process.

It is the connection between the rotary table and the bit at bottom.

PURPOSE:

It provides a fluid conduit from rig to bit.

Imparts rotary motion to the drill bit

Allow weight to be set on the bit

Lower and raise bit in the well.

Provides some stability to the BHA to minimize vibration and


jumping of bit.

Permits through pipe formation evaluation.


DRILL STRING COMPONENTS

Drill Pipe

Bottom Hole
Assembly:
Drill Collar
Heavy Wt. Drill Pipe
Stabilizer / Reamer
Auxiliary Tools -
Drilling Jar, MWD

Kelly / Top Drive


DRILL STRING COMPONENTS
The drill stem serves for fluid passage from the swivel to the
bit
imparts rotary motion to the bit
allows weight to be set on the bit
lowers/raises the bit in the well.
In addition, it provides stability to minimize vibration and bit
bouncing, testing formation through drill stem operations
And also permits through pipe evaluation for logs
Drill pipe
It is the major component of the drill string. It generally
constitutes 90-95% of the entire length of the drill string.
Drill pipe is a seamless pipe with threaded connections,
known as tool joints. At one end of the pipe there is the
box, which has the female end of the connection. At the
other end of each length of drill pipe is the male end of the
connection known as the pin.
The wall thickness and therefore the outer diameter of the
tool joint must be larger than the wall thickness of the main
body of the drill pipe in order to accommodate the threads
of the connection.
Tool joints are clearly visible in the drill string
Each length of drillpipe is known as a joint or a single. The
standard dimensions for drill pipe are specified by the American
Petroleum Institute.
The exact length of each single must be measured on the rigsite
since the process used to manufacture the drillpipe means that
singles are not of uniform length.
Since the only way in which the driller knows the depth of the drillbit
is by knowing the length of the drillstring the length of each length
of drillpipe (and all other drillstring components) made up into the
drillstring must be measured and recorded on a drillpipe tally.
The drillpipe is also manufactured in a variety of outside diameters,
and weights (Table 2) which assuming a specific gravity for steel of
490 lb/cuft, is a reflection of the wall thickness of the drillpipe.
The drillpipe is also manufactured in a variety of material grades
(Table 3). The specification for a particular string of drillpipe could
therefore appear as:
INTERNAL UPSET PIPE(IU)
In Internal Upset (IU) Pipe, the pipe wall near the end of the
length is made thicker by decreasing the internal diameter.
In External Upset (EU) Pipe the pipe wall near the end is
made thicker by increasing the external diameter.
In Internal-External Upset (IEU) Pipe, greater thickness at
the ends of the pipe is achieved by both decreasing the ID
and increasing the OD.
JOINTS:
Joints are special annexes to the pipe that have threads, that can be
screwed-on or friction welded on the pipe body to enable pipes connecting.
THREADS:
In the year 1968. API standards have
accept join designation through two digit number
that conforms the dimensions of male part of
joint (pin)
That are so called numbered connections.
Obsolete types of connections IF (internal flush with internal upset)
FH (full hole no upset) have been replaced with adequate types of joints
according to NC classification.
There is no proper substitution for API Regular connection, so it is still used
as a bit and swivel connection.
TOOL JOINTS:
Almost all tool joints are the weld-on type
-flash, intertia or friction.
Upsets are necessary on drill pipe to which weld-on type
tool joints are applied.
This allows adequate safety factor in the weld area for
mechanical strength and metallurgical considerations.
Tool Joints:
Tool joints are located at each
end of a length of
Drill pipe and
provide the
screw thread for
connecting the
joints of pipe
together .
Notice that the
only seal in the
connection is the
shoulder/shoulder
connection between the box and pin.
Initially tool joints were screwed on to the end of drillpipe, and then
reinforced by welding.
A later development was to have shrunk-on tool joints. This process
involved heating the tool joint, then screwing it on to the pipe.
As the joint cooled it contracted and formed a very tight, close seal.
One advantage of this method was that a worn joint could be heated,
removed and replaced by a new joint.
The modern method is to flash-weld the tool joints onto the pipe.
A hard material is often welded onto the surface of the tool joint to
protect it from abrasive wear as the drillstring is rotated in the
borehole.
This material can then be replaced at some stage if it becomes
depleted due to excessive wear.
When two joints of pipe are being connected the rig tongs must be
engaged around the tool joints (and not around the main body of the
drillpipe), whose greater wall thickness can sustain the torque required
to make-up the connection.
The strength of a tool joint depends on the cross sectional
area of the box and pin.
With continual use the threads of the pin and box become
worn, and there is a decrease in the tensile strength.
The size of the tool joint depends on the size of the drillpipe
but various sizes of tool joint are available.
Hard facing on tool joints is optional. However , when
correctly applied, it may double the life of a tool joint.
The hard facing is composed of tungsten carbide particles in
a welded matrix.
It is put there to reduce fluid errosion and circumferential
wear of the box and adjacent pin on the wall of the hole.
The facing should be ground down smooth so that it will not
score or wear holes in the casing .
Tooljoint boxes have either an 18 square shape. The 18
taper, fitting 18 (bottleneck) elevators, is the most
common.
Pins usually have 35 tapered shoulders to aid in stacking
the pipe.
DRILL PIPE
A
P Steel tube to transmit torque and hydraulic
I horsepower at the bit

S Sizes (API): 2-3/8" to 6-5/8". Most commonly used


P sizes are 5", 4" & 3".
E
C Group 1: Grade E Drill Pipe
I 2: Grades X, G & S Drill Pipes
F
I Manufacturing process: Seamless pipe
C
A
Heat Treatment:
T
I
Group 1 : Normalized or at manufacturers option
O normalized & tempered or quenched &
N tempered full length
Group 2 : Quenched & tempered or normalized &
tempered
DRILL PIPE
A
P Range Length (ft) Remarks
I

1 18-22
S
P Obsolete
E 2 27-30 Commonly
C
I Used
Grades Minm. Yield (Psi) Identification(TJ Pin OD)
F 3 38-45
I
C D (D-55) 55,000
A E (E-75) 75,000 No groove
T
I X (X-95) 95,000 1 groove
O G (G-105) 105,000 2 grooves
N
S (S-135) 135,000 3 grooves
DRILL PIPE ADJUSTED WEIGHT
SIZE OD (INCH) NOMINAL Grade psi ADJUSTED WT
WEIGHT (lb/ft) (lb/ft)
2-3/8 4.85 75000 5.16
6.65 75000 6.92
6.65 95000 7.01
6.65 105000 7.01
2-7/8 6.85 75000 7.36
10.40 75000 10.76
95000 10.96
105000 10.96
135000 11.38

3-1/2 13.30 75000 13.77


95000 14.41
105000 14.49
135000 14.69
4-1/2 16.60 75000 18.37
95000 18.88
105000/135000 18.88/19.09
SIZE OD (INCH) NOMINAL Grade psi ADJUSTED WT
WEIGHT (lb/ft) (lb/ft)

5-1/2 19.50 75000 20.89


95000 21.44
105000 21.92
135000 22.60
The weight per foot of the pipe is a function of the
connection type and grade of the drillpipe.
The nominal weight of the pipe will reflect the weight of the
drillpipe when suspended in air (Weight in air).
When the pipe is suspended in the borehole it will be
immersed in drilling fluid of a particular density and will
therefore be subjected to a buoyant force.
This buoyant force will be directly proportional to the
density of the drilling fluid.
The weight of drillpipe when suspended in a fluid (Wet
Weight) can be calculated from the following:
Buoyant Weight (Wet Weight) of Drillpipe = Weight
of pipe in Air x Buoyancy Factor
MINIMUM YIELD STRENGTH: Minimum yield strength refers to
the force needed to stretch or compress the drill pipe until it is
permanently distorted.
MINIMUM TENSILE STRENGTH: Minimum tensile strength in pipe
design refers to the force necessary to pull the pipe apart until
it snaps.
COLLAPSE STRENGTH: Collapse strength refers to the amount
of force needed to crush the sides of the pipe until it caves in
itself.
TORSIONAL YIELD STRENGTH: The torsional yield strength of
drill pipe is the amount of twisting force a pipe can withstand
before twisting off . BURST STRENGTH: Burst strength of drill
pipe is internal pressure that can cause- a new pipe to burst
and spring a leak. The bursting pressure acting on a drill string
in a well is the sum of the total dynamic and static pressure
developed by the liquid inside the pipe at the depth of interest.
COMPOSITION & STEEL TYPE

Heat treated by quenching and tempering or


D normalizing and tempering to obtain the
E
F desired yield strength.
I
N
The heat treatment process determines the
I yield strength or grade
T
I Steel should conform to:
O Phosphorous: Maximum 0.03 %
N
Sulfur: Maximum 0.03 %
Used drill pipe is marked with paint stripes and bands to identify the quality
of the drill pipe as well as threads.
Three long longitudinal stripes, 120 apart, show the thread condition.
Greenfield repairable
Red scrap or shop repair needed
Circumferential painted bands:
One white Class 1
Two whitePremium
One yellow Class 2
One blue Class 3
One green Class 4
One red Scrap
Drill pipe, even bent, can be straightened and/or repaired.
CLASSIFICATION OF USED DRILL PIPE

DURING CONSTANT USE OF DRILL PIPE, WEAR AND TEAR IS


UNAVOIDABLE. AS A RESULT INSPECTION CLASSES ARE GIVEN TO THE
DRILL PIPE ON ACCOUNT OF WEAR.
The API has established guidelines for pipe classification in API RP7G. A summary of
the classes follows.

DRILL PIPES ARE CLASSIFIED AS FOLLOWS:

CLASS-1:

WITH ONE WHITE BAND


NORMAL DIMENTIONS OF NEW DRILL PIPE

PREMIUM CLASS:

WITH TWO WHITE BANDS


REMAINING WALL THICKNESS NOT LESS THAN 80% DUE TO UNIFORM
WEAR.
REMAINING WALL NOT LESS THAN 80% DUE TO ECENTRIC WEAR.
CLASS-II:

WITH A YELLOW BAND


REMAINING WALL NOT LESS THAN 80% DUE TO UNIFORM
WEAR.
REMAINING WALL NOT LESS THAN 65% DUE TO ECENTRIC
WEAR.

CLASS-III:

WITH A BLUE BAND


REMAINING WALL NOT LESS 62.5% DUE TO UNIFORM WEAR.
REMAINING WALL NOT LESS THAN 55% DUE TO ECENTRIC
WEAR.

CLASS IV:

WITH A GREEN BAND

Critical rotating speeds in drill pipe string which cause vibrations are often
the cause of crooked drill pipe, excessive wear, rapid deterioration and fatigue
failure.
Most drill pipe failures are a result of fatigue. A fatigue failure is one which
originates as a result of repeated or fluctuating stresses having maximum
values less than the tensile strength of the material. Fatigue fractures are
progressive, beginning as mincro cracks that grow under the action of the
fluctuating stress
The surface indication of rotating the drill stem in the critical range is
excessive power requirement at the rotary to maintain a constant speed,
Severe vibrations in drill stem are the result of resonance or frequency tuning
i.e. the frequency of vibration is equal to natural vibration frequency of drill
stem.
Critical speed varies with length and size of drill stem and hole size.
In general the drill stem can vibrate in 3 modes as:
(a) Axial or longitudinal vibration.
(b) Transverse or lateral vibration.
(c) Torsional vibration.
(a)Axial vibration or spring pendulum type vibration:
()The axial vibration in drill stem can be recognized at
surface by kelly bouncing and whipping of draw works
cable. This type of vibration is also known as spring
pendulum type vibration.
()The critical rotary speed for this type of vibration may be
predicted approximately by the formula:
(b) Lateral or transverse vibration:
In this type of vibration, the pipe between each tool joint
may vibrate in nodes as a violin string.
This type of motion is only possible with the drill pipe, If drill
collars are only free to move axially and angularly.
Critical rotary speed maybe predicted approximately by the
following formula:
Torsional Vibration
Torsional vibrations are normally not seen from the rig floor
since the rotary table drive tends to fix the vibrational angular
motion at the surface but however under torsional vibration
condition large dynamic torque can be generated at rotary
table.
the possible sources of torsional vibrations are time varying
axial forces and torsional loads, which can be applied to drill
collar from various source such as pump pressure, side wall
friction, drill bit/ formation interaction and junk in the hole.

Note: The critical speed predicted by Lateral or transverse


vibration formula, is the number shown in brackets (table
below) for different pipe sizes.15 % above and below values
are shown at left and at right.
CRITICAL ROTARY SPEED

It is defined as the speed at which frequency of vibration is


equal to natural vibration frequency of drill stem.

It varies with length and size of drill stem and hole size.
CRITICAL ROTARY SPEED
Pipe size Approx. critical rotary speed (RPM)
(inch)
2-3/8 95 - (110) -125

2-7/8 110 - (130) - 150

3-1/2 135 - ( 160) - 185

4 160 - (185) - 210

4-1/2 180 - (210) - 240

5 200 - (235) - 270

5-1/2 220 - (250) - 300


DRILL COLLAR
Drill collars are heavy-bodied drill pipes with a constant O.D.
and I.D. (inner diameter).
Connections will be box to pin. On one end, one or two
recessed areas may be found: the top one to fit the
elevator, the second one for the tapered slips.
If the collar is slick, meaning no recesses, it is advisable to
use a heavy oilfield safety clamp just above the slips.
A handling sub or hoisting plug will be needed for lifting.
DRILL COLLAR

Impart suitable weight on bit

Prevent drill pipes from exposure to buckling

F
U
forces by retaining the neutral point
N within itself
C
T
I Provide stiffness to the B.H.A. that is
O essential in keeping the drilling trajectory on
N
S
course in both vertical as well as directional
wells

Minimize bit stability problems arising from


DRILL COLLAR
DRILL COLLAR
The string above the neutral point is in tension, and the
string below the neutral point is in compression.
It helps to minimize directional control problems by
providing stiffness to the bottom hole assembly (BHA) .
It minimizes bit stability problems from vibrations, wobbling,
and bouncing etc.
Spiral drill collars are used to reduce pressure differential
sticking in the hole. They provide a passage for the drilling
fluid to relieve the pressure differential.
DRILL COLLAR

The drill collars are the first section of the drill string to be
designed. The length and size of the collars will affect the grade,
weight and dimensions of the drill pipe to be used.
Drill collar selection is usually based on buckling considerations in
the lower sections of the string when weight is set on the bit.
DRILL COLLAR PROFILES
Slick Drill Collars:As the name implies, slick drillcollars have
the same nominal outside diameter over the total length of
the joint

Spiral Drill Collars: Spiral drill collars are


used primarily to reduce the risk of differential
sticking. The spirals reduce the
weight of the collar by only 4 -7% but can reduce the
contact area (proportional to sticking force) by as
much as 50%.
DRILL COLLAR
Drill collars are available in many sizes from 3 1/8 inches to
11 inches outside diameter (O.D) and shape such as round,
square, triangular and spiral grooved.
The most common types are round(slick) and spiral grooved.
Spiraled drill collars are often used in small diameter holes
and directional drilling to prevent differential sticking in the
hole.
Spiral grooved drill collars have reduced surface contact
area that minimises the probability of differential pressure
sticking. The drill collars have a shallow wide groove that
reduces the contact area by 40-50% while only reducing the
weight by 7 -10%.
Spiral groves enable mud circulation all the time.
Square Drill Collars
These drill collars are very rigid & help keep the hole straight,
since they are used a clearance of 1/32" between the walls of
the hole & the ribs of the drill collar. However, they are high
priced & hard to manage & so drillers have replaced them with
oversize cylindrical drill collars or multiple stabilizers.
Squared drill collars are used in straight-hole drilling, and
enable use of minimal clearance in packed-hole assembly.
Contact zones are hardened with tungsten carbides of great
hardness to reduce wear.
Fluid passes around flat sides of the collar.
They help to keep the hole on course without rapid deviations.
Available are box-pin, box-box thread connections.
DRILL COLLAR

Impart suitable weight on bit

Prevent drill pipes from exposure to buckling

F
U
forces by retaining the neutral point
N within itself
C
T
I Provide stiffness to the B.H.A. that is
O essential in keeping the drilling trajectory on
N
S
course in both vertical as well as directional
wells

Minimize bit stability problems arising from


DRILL COLLAR
DRILL COLLAR
DRILL COLLAR
PROVIDING A PENDULUM EFFECT
Different forces cause the hole to
deviate from
vertical.
Deviation from vertical tends to
increase the cost of the well ?
Length of pendulum Section of D/C
string between the bit and the lowest
point tangent to the side of the hole.
The heavier the pendulum, the
stronger is its tendency to remain
vertical.
The longer the pendulum, the greater
is the tendency of the drill stem to
seek
Fig.- GRAVITY a vertical
PULLS THE BITpath. Limitations
TO THE LOW SIDE?
OF THE HOLE, PROVIDING A PENDULUM EFFECT
A bit that is not connected to a
packed BHA may drill a oversized
hole, produce unusual bit wear,
and slow ROP.
In general, bits drill faster and last
longer when well stabilized.
The term packed BHA refers to the
fact that the round D/Cs with
stabs. In the lower part of the D/C
assembly are almost the same O.D
as the bit.
In addition, the stabs. are no more
than 1/8 inch ( 3.18 mm ) smaller in
diam. than the hole.

Fig. - A PACKED BHA


DRILL COLLAR
DRILL COLLAR

A Thick walled pipe for stiffness and concentration of WOB


P
I Size Min Yield St. Min Tensile st. Elongation
(With Gauge length four times diameter)
S 3-1/8 6-7/8 110,000 140,000 13 %
P
E 7 11 100,000 135,000 13 %
C Specified by
I Outside Diameter / Inside Diameter
F Length of a drill collar single that is usually 30 31 ft
I
C Connections: Based on Bending Strength Ratio (BSR)
A
between box and pin
T
I Special features such as spiral, stress relief groove pin etc
O
N
Example: 8 x 3 , 6-5/8 Reg, Spiral
DRILL COLLAR

O
SPIRAL
P
T
I Differential stuck up chances greatly
O
N
A
L
reduced when spirals cut in the
outside body of drill collars.

F Wall contact area is minimized thereby


E causing reduction in differential forces.
A
T
U Acts as a conduit for spotting fluids
R
E
meant for releasing the stuck pipe.
S
CONNECTION MODIFICATIONS/ SPECIAL FEATURES:
Several modifications to drill collar connection are available
which can reduce the possibility of failure and increase
useful life of connections.
The following modifications/special feature are most
common and play important role in increasing connection
life.

STRESS RELIEF FEATURE

Cold Working Of Thread Roots And


Stress Relief Groove
Stress Relief Features:
Small drill collars, drill pipes and heavy weight drill pipes are
flexible enough to bend due to relatively smaller O.D.
But drill collars with 5 inch and more are not flexible enough and
thus bend in joint which make the connection vulnerable.
It is well understood that avoiding sharp changes in geometry
can reduce stress concentration.
So the same principle is applied to thread connection which
cause redistribution of stresses away from most critical areas
i.e. first and last engaged thread of connection, which has
resulted in increase fatigue resistance of connection.
So API recommended providing stress relief feature by under
cutting roots of first and last engaged threads in box and pin
and sharp radius between the shoulder and neck of pin should
be removed
In API box relief groove, the machining is bit difficult due to
undercut design So many other manufacturers like, Orilco
and SMF, has come up with 'bore back box' design with little
modification on API stress relief groove of box.
In the bore back, unengaged threads and portions of some
engaged threads are removed by machining a cylindrical
bore in back of the box. However bore back box does not
provide as much stress relieving as much API can do
DRILL COLLAR
O STRESS RELIEF FEATURE
P Stress concentration maximum in first and last threads
T
I
O Reduced through redistribution of stresses by cutting
N API relief groove pin & bore back box.
A
L Causes slight reduction in tensile strength and section
modulus of the connection but demerits offset by
reduction in fatigue failures.
F
E Connection sizes < NC-38: Bore back box feature only is
A
T
recommended
U
R
E
S
Cold Working Of Thread Roots And Stress Relief
Groove
Drill collar bending stresses created during downhole
rotation are concentrated in thread roots and stress relief
grooves.
Due to this, material fibers will always be subjected to
constant alternate tension and compression which will
create fatigue cracks.
So to improve fatigue resistance the drill collar thread roots
and stress relief groove are applied with permanent
compressive stresses by means of hydraulic rollers of same
contour as that of thread profile.
This is called cold working. This also smoothens out minor
surface defects and increases fatigue strength of steel.
DRILL COLLAR
O
P COLD WORKING THREAD & GROOVE
T
I Hydraulic ram forces roller into area requiring cold
O working for pre-stressing metal surfaces
N
A Fibers in compression and capable of withstanding
L
greater resistance to fatigue failure under higher
bending loads
F
E
A
T
U
R
E
S
DRILL COLLAR
S SIZE
E
L
Largest diameter & maximum wall thickness that can
E safely be run in hole
C
T
I
Fewer drill collars required for applying weight on bit.
O
N Lesser connections & hence less connection handling

C time.
R
I More stiffness to BHA which is essential to drill a well
T
E directed hole.
R
I
A
Lesser bending stresses due to reduced annular

clearance
SELECTION OF DRILL COLLARS
(a) Weight on bit: Before attempting to design complete drilling
assembly, the maximum weight intended to be applied on bit
should be decided.
()Total weight of drill collars: Based on the weight to be applied on the
bit, total weight of drill collars necessary can be estimated by the
following formula :

()The safety factor is used to restrict


the neutral point
within the drill collar assembly
so that drill pipes
always remain in tension.
The commonly used S.F. is 0.8.
DRILL COLLAR
S
E
L
WEIGHT
E
C W = W.O.B ;
T Cos Kb x S.F.b
I
O
WOB= Maximum anticipated wt. on bit (lbs)
N

Kb = Buoyancy factor; = Hole angle from vertical (deg)


C
R
I W = Air wt. of BHA (lbs)
T
E S.F.b = Safety Factor for buckling = 0.85 (common)
R
I
A = 0.80 (Hard formation)
DRILL COLLAR MAKE UP TORQUE
Drill collar make up torque is the biggest single factor
affecting the life and performance of drill collars.
Improper torque will cause rapid fatigue damage and
premature failure of the drill collar connections.
On a new drill collar joint threads fit tightly but there is
space through which mud can flow.
The shoulders fit tightly to keep mud from squirting out, and
the connection must be tight enough so that the shoulders
will not separate when the drill collars are under load or
when being whipped around in the hole or when passing
through a crooked hole section.
DRILL COLLAR
S
E
L Make Up Torque
E
C
T Vital factor if not followed might lead to rapid
I
O
fatigue damage & premature failure of drill collar
N

Cyclic loads of tension & compression during drilling


C
R
I
T If lesser make up torque is applied, it might lead to
E
fatigue failure due to cyclic loading & pressure
R
I sealing failure
A
HEAVY WEIGHT DRILL PIPE:
Frequent failure in the joints of drill pipe just above the drill
collars suggests abnormally high bending stresses in these
joints. This condition is particularly evident when the hole angle
is increasing with the depth and the bit is rotated off bottom.
Low rates of change of hole angle combined with deviated holes
may result in sharp bending of the first joint of drill pipe above
the drill collars.
one practice to reduce failures at the transition zone and to
improve control over the damaged joints is to use heavy wall
drill pipes, just above the drill collars.
The use of heavy wall drill pipe reduces the stress level in the
joints and ensures longer life In this hostile service condition, as
it provides a graduated change in stiffness between the very
limber drill pipe above and very stiff drill collars below.
So, it is a good practice to use nine or ten joints of heavy wall
drill pipe for normal drilling conditions and twelve to sixteen
for rough and large hole conditions.
Other major benefits of heavy weight drill pipe are as below:
(1) As a weight member on small rigs, drilling small diameter
holes: Significantly increase performance and depth
capabilities of small rigs in shallow drilling areas due to ease of
handling and the replacement of some of the drill collars.
(2) As a flexible weight member to be run in directional drilling:
Provides substantial savings in directional drilling costs by
replacing the largest part of the drill collar string, reducing
down hole drilling torque, and decreasing tendencies to change
direction.
KELLY
Square or hexagonal shaped steel pipe
A
P connecting swivel to drill string and through
I
the rotary table transmits torque to the drill
S string
P Specified by:
E
C Size (Across Flats) / Length
I Lower pin connection / Upper Box LH
F
I connection
C Type (Square or Hexagonal)
A
T
I
O
N Example: 5-1/4, 40 ft, NC 50 Pin, 6-5/8 LH
Reg Box, Hexagonal
STABILIZER
WELDED BLADE: preferably for soft and medium formations. Repairable at welding
shops

INTEGRAL BLADE: hard to very hard formations. Single piece high strength alloy
steel with blade faces impregnated with tungsten carbide inserts. Not
repairable

SHRUNK FITTED SLEEVE: Integral stabilizer of two pieces a body and a sleeve.
The sleeve is shrunk fitted. blades hard faced with tungsten carbide inserts.
F Worn out sleeves removed by cutting and another sleeve shrunk fitted
E
THREADED SLEEVE: all but the hardest formation. One-piece body and replaceable
A screw on sleeve with blades.
T
REPLACEABLE WEAR PAD: preferably near bit stabilizer for maintaining hole
U gauge in hard and abrasive formations. Wear pads (blades ) easily changed
R without opening the stabilizer.
E NON-ROTATING SLEEVE: effective in hard formations as has bore hole wall
S support to the stationary rubber sleeves. That acts as a drill bushing while the
string rotates. Keeps hole gauge longer than blade stabilizers and does not
damage the bore wall. Sleeves are easily changeable but has temperature
limitations ( to 1200C) and a shorter wear life in rough walls
STABILIZER

Play important role


for maintaining the
planned trajectory,
F course correction
E during drilling
A
T
U Type, size and
R placement affects
E desired, direction,
S reduce doglegs and
minimize
complications
REAMERS
Preventing under-gauging while
drilling hard/abrasive formation.
Reamer having special cutters
enlarges the hole to true gauge.
Run between the bit and the drill
F collars.
E
The reamer body rotates while the
A
cutters reams the hole to full gauge.
T
U It is occasionally used as an additional
R stabilizer but has poor stabilization
E properties because of limited wall
contact area and cutter movement.
S
3 point or 6 point reamer cutters are
available.
A reamer is normally associated with a
stabilizer immediately on top of it for
proper stabilization.
Thank You

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