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String
Prepared By
Archana
Assistant Professor/PE
Indian School Of Mines, Dhanbad
Drill String & Casing String
Parts
Function & Operations
Selection/ Design
DRILL STRING
The drill string is very important part of the rotary drilling process.
It is the connection between the rotary table and the bit at bottom.
PURPOSE:
Drill Pipe
Bottom Hole
Assembly:
Drill Collar
Heavy Wt. Drill Pipe
Stabilizer / Reamer
Auxiliary Tools -
Drilling Jar, MWD
1 18-22
S
P Obsolete
E 2 27-30 Commonly
C
I Used
Grades Minm. Yield (Psi) Identification(TJ Pin OD)
F 3 38-45
I
C D (D-55) 55,000
A E (E-75) 75,000 No groove
T
I X (X-95) 95,000 1 groove
O G (G-105) 105,000 2 grooves
N
S (S-135) 135,000 3 grooves
DRILL PIPE ADJUSTED WEIGHT
SIZE OD (INCH) NOMINAL Grade psi ADJUSTED WT
WEIGHT (lb/ft) (lb/ft)
2-3/8 4.85 75000 5.16
6.65 75000 6.92
6.65 95000 7.01
6.65 105000 7.01
2-7/8 6.85 75000 7.36
10.40 75000 10.76
95000 10.96
105000 10.96
135000 11.38
CLASS-1:
PREMIUM CLASS:
CLASS-III:
CLASS IV:
Critical rotating speeds in drill pipe string which cause vibrations are often
the cause of crooked drill pipe, excessive wear, rapid deterioration and fatigue
failure.
Most drill pipe failures are a result of fatigue. A fatigue failure is one which
originates as a result of repeated or fluctuating stresses having maximum
values less than the tensile strength of the material. Fatigue fractures are
progressive, beginning as mincro cracks that grow under the action of the
fluctuating stress
The surface indication of rotating the drill stem in the critical range is
excessive power requirement at the rotary to maintain a constant speed,
Severe vibrations in drill stem are the result of resonance or frequency tuning
i.e. the frequency of vibration is equal to natural vibration frequency of drill
stem.
Critical speed varies with length and size of drill stem and hole size.
In general the drill stem can vibrate in 3 modes as:
(a) Axial or longitudinal vibration.
(b) Transverse or lateral vibration.
(c) Torsional vibration.
(a)Axial vibration or spring pendulum type vibration:
()The axial vibration in drill stem can be recognized at
surface by kelly bouncing and whipping of draw works
cable. This type of vibration is also known as spring
pendulum type vibration.
()The critical rotary speed for this type of vibration may be
predicted approximately by the formula:
(b) Lateral or transverse vibration:
In this type of vibration, the pipe between each tool joint
may vibrate in nodes as a violin string.
This type of motion is only possible with the drill pipe, If drill
collars are only free to move axially and angularly.
Critical rotary speed maybe predicted approximately by the
following formula:
Torsional Vibration
Torsional vibrations are normally not seen from the rig floor
since the rotary table drive tends to fix the vibrational angular
motion at the surface but however under torsional vibration
condition large dynamic torque can be generated at rotary
table.
the possible sources of torsional vibrations are time varying
axial forces and torsional loads, which can be applied to drill
collar from various source such as pump pressure, side wall
friction, drill bit/ formation interaction and junk in the hole.
It varies with length and size of drill stem and hole size.
CRITICAL ROTARY SPEED
Pipe size Approx. critical rotary speed (RPM)
(inch)
2-3/8 95 - (110) -125
F
U
forces by retaining the neutral point
N within itself
C
T
I Provide stiffness to the B.H.A. that is
O essential in keeping the drilling trajectory on
N
S
course in both vertical as well as directional
wells
The drill collars are the first section of the drill string to be
designed. The length and size of the collars will affect the grade,
weight and dimensions of the drill pipe to be used.
Drill collar selection is usually based on buckling considerations in
the lower sections of the string when weight is set on the bit.
DRILL COLLAR PROFILES
Slick Drill Collars:As the name implies, slick drillcollars have
the same nominal outside diameter over the total length of
the joint
F
U
forces by retaining the neutral point
N within itself
C
T
I Provide stiffness to the B.H.A. that is
O essential in keeping the drilling trajectory on
N
S
course in both vertical as well as directional
wells
O
SPIRAL
P
T
I Differential stuck up chances greatly
O
N
A
L
reduced when spirals cut in the
outside body of drill collars.
C time.
R
I More stiffness to BHA which is essential to drill a well
T
E directed hole.
R
I
A
Lesser bending stresses due to reduced annular
clearance
SELECTION OF DRILL COLLARS
(a) Weight on bit: Before attempting to design complete drilling
assembly, the maximum weight intended to be applied on bit
should be decided.
()Total weight of drill collars: Based on the weight to be applied on the
bit, total weight of drill collars necessary can be estimated by the
following formula :
INTEGRAL BLADE: hard to very hard formations. Single piece high strength alloy
steel with blade faces impregnated with tungsten carbide inserts. Not
repairable
SHRUNK FITTED SLEEVE: Integral stabilizer of two pieces a body and a sleeve.
The sleeve is shrunk fitted. blades hard faced with tungsten carbide inserts.
F Worn out sleeves removed by cutting and another sleeve shrunk fitted
E
THREADED SLEEVE: all but the hardest formation. One-piece body and replaceable
A screw on sleeve with blades.
T
REPLACEABLE WEAR PAD: preferably near bit stabilizer for maintaining hole
U gauge in hard and abrasive formations. Wear pads (blades ) easily changed
R without opening the stabilizer.
E NON-ROTATING SLEEVE: effective in hard formations as has bore hole wall
S support to the stationary rubber sleeves. That acts as a drill bushing while the
string rotates. Keeps hole gauge longer than blade stabilizers and does not
damage the bore wall. Sleeves are easily changeable but has temperature
limitations ( to 1200C) and a shorter wear life in rough walls
STABILIZER