ULTRASONIC NAVIGATION SYSTEM

FOR THE BLIND

Submitted by

ABHISHEK DIXIT

GAGANDEEP SINGH

MOHIT KUMAR

PRAVIN KUMAR

Under guidance
of
PROF. S.P. PROF. A.K. PROF. Y.K. MISHRA
GANGWAR SINGH HEAD OF
PROJECT DEPARTMENT
SUPERVISOR DEPARTMENT
OF ELECTRONICS
INCHARGE ENGINEERING
KAMLA NEHRU INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY SULTANPUR-
228118(U.P.)
DR. A. P. J. ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL
 CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
BASIC LOGIC
COMPONENTS
PROTOTYPE OF OUR STICK
USAGE OF DIFFERENT SENSORS
ATMEGA 16
ULTRASONIC SENSOR
IR SENSOR
WATER SENSOR
FIRE SENSOR
LIGHT SENSOR
OUTPUT DEVICES
SOFTWARE USED
INTERFACING WITH CONTROLLER
CONCLUSION
FUTURE SCOPE
REFERENCES
 INTRODUCTION
Vision is the most important part of human
physiology as 83% of information human being gets
from the environment is via sight. The 2011 statistics
by the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates
that there are 285 billion people in world with visual
impairment, 39 billion of which are blind and 246
with low vision.
Presently, blind people use a white stick as a tool for
directing them when they move or walk.
Here, we develop a tool which can serve as a blind
stick being more efficient and helpful than the
conventional one.
This will assist the blind persons during the walk and
provides an alarm if any hurdle is detected within the
set range.
 BASIC LOGIC
Five different sensors with microcontroller
interface are used which are connected to
buzzer and vibrator.

ATMEGA 16 as the main microcontroller is

used.
 COMPONENTS

Microcontroller ATMEGA 16
Sensors
Buzzer
Vibrator
BLOCK DIAGRAM
PROTOTYPE OF OUR
STICK
 USAGE OF DIFFERENT
SENSORS
Ultrasonic sensor is used for obstacle avoidance. The
vibrator vibrates when an obstacle is encountered which
helps in alerting the blind person and allows enough time to
change their path.
IR sensor is used for pit and staircase detection.
Water sensor is used to detect the presence of water and
provide an alert in time for path change so as to avoid
slipping.
Fire sensor is used for avoiding fire.
Light sensor is useful at night. It alerts the people in the
surrounding area that a blind person is walking and to allow
space so that the blind person can walk easily.
 ATMEGA 16
ATmega16 is a 40 pin
microcontroller. There are 32
I/O (input/output) lines which
are divided into four 8-bit
ports designated as PORTA,
PORTB, PORTC and PORTD.
ATmega16 has various in-
built peripherals like USART,
ADC, Analog Comparator,
SPI, JTAG etc. Each I/O pin
has an alternative task
related to in-built
peripherals.
 ULTRASONIC SENSOR
Ultrasonic sensors works on a
principle similar to radar or sonar
which evaluates attributes of a
target by interpreting the echoes
from radio or sound waves
respectively. Ultrasonic sensors
generate high frequency sound
waves and evaluate the echo
which is received back by the
sensor.
WORKING OF ULTRASONIC
SENSOR
IR SENSOR
Infrared sensors can
measure the heat of an
object, as well as detect
motion.
IR sensor work on the
principal in which IR LED
emits IR radiation and
Photodiode sense that IR
radiation.
 FIRE SENSOR
Thermistors usually
have negative
temperature
coefficients which
means the resistance
of the thermistor
decreases as the
temperature increases.
Buzzer is used for
output.
 WATER SENSOR

A water sensor is an
electronic device that is
designed to detect the
presence of water and
provide an alert in time
to allow the prevention
of water damage.
A common design is a
small cable or device
that lies flat on a floor
and relies on the
electrical conductivity of
water to decrease the
resistance across two
contacts.
 LIGHT SENSOR

Photoresistor changes
its resistance drastically
based on the ambient
lighting in an
environment. Exposed
to darkness, a
photoresistor has a
tremendous amount of
resistance. When
exposed to bright light,
a photoresistor's
resistance drops
drastically.
The LM358 chip in this
circuit is used as a
comparator to make
 OUTPUT DEVICES
BUZZER LED
It is a pn junction diode,
which emits light when
activated. When a suitable
It consists of piezo crystals
voltage is applied to the
between two conductors.
leads, electrons are able to
When a potential is applied
recombine with electron holes
across these crystals they
within the device, releasing
push on one conductor and
energy in the form of
pull on the other. This, push
photons. This effect is called
and pull action, results in a
electroluminescence, and the
sound wave.
color of the light is
determined by the energy
band gap of the
semiconductor.
 OUTPUT DEVICES
VIBRATOR
A vibrating motor is essentially a motor that is improperly
balanced. In other words, there is an off-centered weight
attached to the motor's rotational shaft that causes the
motor to wobble. The amount of wobble can be changed by
the amount of weight attached, the weight's distance from
the shaft, and the speed at which the motor spins.
Vibrating motors can be found inside cell phones, pagers,
gaming controllers, and personal massagers
 SOFTWARES USED
AVR STUDIO 4
AVR LOADER V2.0
PROTEUS DESIGN SUITE
INTERFACING WITH
CONTROLLER
 CONCLUSION
The project proposed the design and architecture of a new
concept of Smart Electronic Guiding Stick for blind people.
The advantage of the system lies in the fact that it can
prove to be very low cost solution to millions of blind person
worldwide. The proposed combination of various working
units makes a real-time system that monitors position of
the user and provides dual feedback making navigation
more safe and secure.
It can be further improved to have more decision taking
capabilities by employing varied types of sensors and thus
could be used for different applications. It aims to solve the
problems faced by the blind people in their daily life. The
system also takes measures to ensure their safety.
 FUTURE SCOPE
It can be further enhanced by using VLSI technology to
design the PCB unit. This makes the system further more
compact. Also, use of active RFID tags will transmit the
location information automatically to the PCB unit, when
the intelligent stick is in its range. The RFID sensor doesnt
have to read it explicitly.
The global position of the user is obtained using the global
positioning system (GPS), and their current position and
guidance to their destination will be given to the user by
voice.
 REFRENCES
Mohd Helmy Abd Wahab, Amirul A. Talib, Herdawatie A.Kadir, Ayob
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cane for visually impaired people IJCSI, Vol.8 Issue 4, July 2011.

Yuan, D.; Manduchi, R., Dynamic environment exploration using a

virtual white cane, in Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, CVPR
2005 IEEE Computer Society Conference,2005.

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tool for the blind MEASUREMENT SCIENCE REVIEW, Volume 5, Section
2, 2005 .

Larisa Dunai, Guillermo Peris Fajarnes, Victor Santiago Praderas, Beatriz

Defez Garcia, Ismael Lengua Lengua , RealTime Assistance Prototype
a new Navigation Aid for blind people 978-1-4244-5226-2/10/$26.00
2010 IEEE. 1998
 REFRENCES
Abhishek Choubey, Dattatray Patil, RFID Based Cognition Device for
Assistance to Blind and Visually Challenged Persons for Indoor Use,
International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT)
Volume 1, Issue 6, June 2012.

Joo Jos, Miguel Farrajota, Joo M.F. Rodrigues, J.M. Hans du Buf, The
Smart Vision Local Navigation Aid for Blind and Visually Impaired
Persons International Journal of Digital Content Technology and its
Applications Vol.5 No.5, May 2011.

Calder, David J, Curtin .An obstacle signaling system for the blind
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International Conference ,30 June 2011

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Congeniality Blind Children , and a Computational Approach, Elsevier
Science, USA, 2007
Thank You !!