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Gregor Mendel
Genetics =the branch
of biology that deals
with heredity.
A great deal of what we
know about genetics
began with the work of
a monk named Gregor
Mendel,
Mendel who
experimented with
sweet pea plants in the
2 1800s.
 Mendels Work
Mendel studied the patterns of
inheritance in pea plants.
He chose seven traits to follow.

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 Mendel needed to
make sure he had
plants that always
gave the same
offspring-called true
breeding.
He self-pollinated
plants until he got
seeds that always
gave the same
offspring.
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 He took a purple Pollen
flower plant and X
crossed it with a
white flower plant.
He called these the
parent generation
(P1 generation)
What do you think
the offspring (the
F1 generation)
looked like?

L P U RP L E
5 AL
F1 POLLEN

Y ???
F2 SA
T ????
6 HA
 Mendel concluded:
1. Something is being passed from
parent to offspring.
2. Sometimes you can see it and
sometimes you cant.
3. If you can see it- it is
dominant.
4. If its there and you cant
see it- its recessive.
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1. Dominant alleles are shown using a capital
letter (R)
2. Recessive alleles are shown using a lower
case letter (r)
Examples: R=red r=pink
RR - ?
Rr - ?
Rr- ?
Each version is called an allele.

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 Alleles are locted on genes on chromosomes.

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 Law of Dominance
States that the dominant allele
will prevent the recessive allele
from being expressed. The
recessive allele will only appear
when it is paired with another
recessive allele in the offspring.

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We have two
copies of all
of our
chromosomes
Why?

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 BOY OR GIRL?

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 What is a gene?
A segment on the chromosome that
codes for a protein.
People have two copies of each
gene, one copy inherited from the
mother and the other copy inherited
from the father.
There are many versions of each
gene-alleles

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 If the two alleles in
the pair are
identical, then the
condition called
homozygous.

If the 2 alleles are

different, the condition
is called heterozygous.
The term hybrid is
sometimes used to
refer to heterozygous.
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Genotype: the
genes or alleles
(RR, Rr, rr)

Phenotype: an
organisms
physical
appearance
(Red, White)

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How did you
end up with
the traits and
genes that
you got?
During
meiosis, each
egg or sperm
only gets one
copy of each
chromosome.

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 A a
Law of Segregation
(separation) states that
gene pairs separate when
b B
gametes (sex cells) are
formed, so each gamete
has only one allele of each
Aa Aa
gene pair.

bB bB

A a A a

20 b B b B
 Law of Exampl
Independent e :
Assortment Just be
cause y
states that get the
g
ou
different pairs for bro ene
wn hair
d oe s n o
of genes y ou w i l
t mean
separate l get th
gene fo e
r blue
independently of eyes.
each other
when gametes
are formed.
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 REVIEW
1. A trait is a characteristic an individual receives
from its parents.
2. Genes carry the instructions responsible for the
expression of traits.
3. A pair of inherited genes controls a trait.
4. One member of the pair comes from each
parent.
5. Alternative versions of genes are known as
alleles.

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 REVIEW
Mendels Principles of Inheritance
Inherited traits are transmitted by genes which
occur in alternate forms called alleles
1. Principle of Dominance - when 2 forms of the
same gene are present the dominant allele is
expressed
2. Principle of Segregation - in meiosis two alleles
separate so that each gamete receives only one
form of the gene
3. Principle of Independent Assortment - each trait is
inherited independent of other traits (chance)

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 Punnett Squares
Used to determine the probability of
a combination of alleles
Example: If a heterozygous black
rabbit is crossed with a heterozygous
black rabbit, what are the chances
the offspring will be black?

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B=Black
b= Brown
Genotypes?
Phenotypes?

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 Example EOCT Question:
Earlobe shape is a human trait. Some people have
free earlobes while others have attached
earlobes. Two parents with free earlobes have
four children. Three children have free earlobes
and one child has attached earlobes. If these
parents have another child, what is the
probability that the child will have attached
earlobes?
A 25%
B 50%
C 75%
D 100%
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 Example EOCT question:
In humans, a widows peak is dominant over a
continuous hairline. Marys father has a
widows peak, but Mary and her mother have
a continuous hairline. What is the genotype of
Marys father?
A HH
B Hh
C hh
D cannot be determined

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28
 n a n c e -
e d o m i
m p l e t n i s m s
I nc o w e e n o r g a
b e t
cross d i f f e r e n t
s
t h t w o r o d u c e
w i t h a t p
o t y p e s r d
ph e n h a t h i
in g w i t l e n d i n g
of f s p r i s a b
p e t h a t
e n o t y r a i t s .
ph r e n t a l t
t h e p a e = P i n k
o f d W h i t
R e d a n
29 E x .
 Incomplete Dominance

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 Codominance
a cross between organisms with
two different phenotypes
produces offspring with a third
phenotype in which both of the
parental traits appear together.
Ex: Yellow and Orange = yellow
with orange spots

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 Codominance
Both phenotypes Genotype Phenotype

are expressed at IO I O Type O

IA I O Type A
the same time. IA I A Type A
Example: Blood IB IO Type B
IBIB Type B
Types IA I B Type AB

There are 3 alleles

for blood type-
multiple alleles

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 Codominance
R = allele for red flowers
W = allele for white flowers
red x white ---> red & white spotted

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 Polygenic traits
Most traits are controlled by many
genes, not just one.
Examples: hair color and skin color.
There are several genes that control
them.
This is the reason that there are so
many different colors of hair and skin
in humans.

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 Sex Linked Traits
Traits associated with particular
sexes are called sex-linked or
X-linked traits.
These are usually carried on the
X chromosome.
Females = XX
Males = XY

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 1st 22 are Autosomes, the last pair
typ e
ar yo (XY) are sex chromosomes)
K

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 i g r ee
P ed
Charts that show relationships
within a family

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 Autosomal-
Dominant

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 SEX-LINKED

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 SEX-LINKED

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 Autosomal
-Dominant

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 e t ic
Ge n r s
rd e
is o
D
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 Huntingtons Disease
Huntington's disease degenerative disease
that causes certain nerve cells in your brain
to waste away.
you may experience uncontrolled movements,
emotional disturbances and mental
deterioration.
The disorder was documented in 1872 by
American physician George Huntington.
Fatal----ages:30-60

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 Colorblindness

Sex-linked trait
Gene for color vision located on
the X chromosomes.
Males are more likely to have
colorblindness because they have
only one X chromosome

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 h a t
W
What do
y o u
do
you see?
se e ?

The individual with normal color vision will see a 5

revealed in the dot pattern. An individual with
Red/Green (the most common) color blindness will
48 see a 2 revealed in the dots.
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 TEST

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 Down Syndrome
Three copies of chromosome #21.
Symptoms: mental retardation and some
physical deformities

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 Downs Syndrome How do you get
3 copies of chromosome 21?
Nondisjunction failure
of chromosomes to
separate properly
during cell division

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 Cystic Fibrosis
caused by a recessive
allele on chromosome
#7.
Deletion of three
bases.
Affects the body's
respiratory and
digestive systems.

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S e x - l ik ed , Hemophilia
i v e t r a it
recess
c at e d o n
L o
the X
ro m o so m e
ch
Missing a
protein r
sa r y f o
neces g
d c l o t t i n
bloo
b l e e d t o
Can
e a t h f rom
d
n o r c u t s .
mi
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 Queen Victorias Pedigree showing
Hemophelia

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 People who carry the tendency to
have sickle cell anemia are less
likely to die from malaria.
Sickle Cell

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 Gene Therapy
The insertion of healthy genes into an individuals
cells or tissues to treat a disease.

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 Example EOCT question:
What is nondisjunction?
A. failure of chromosomes to separate
during meiosis
B. failure of the cytoplasm to divide
properly
C. the insertion of a gene into a different
chromosome
D. the deletion of a gene from a
chromosome
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 Which of the following shows
how information is
transformed to make a
protein?
A DNA RNA protein
B gene chromosome protein
C cell respiration ATP protein
D ATP amino acid protein
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 Information on mRNA is
used to make a sequence
of amino acids into a
protein by which of the
following processes?
A replication
B translation
C transcription 60
 Pea plants have seeds that are
either round or wrinkled. In this
cross, what will be the
phenotypic ratio of the offspring?

A 50% RR and 50% Rr

B 25% RR, 50% Rr, and 25% rr
C 50% round seeds and 50% wrinkled seeds
D 100% round seeds

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 What is a source of
genetic variation?
A mutation
B adaptation
C replication
D transcription

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 In Mendels experiments
with a single trait, the
trait that disappeared in
the first generation
and reappeared in the
next generation is called
the
A homozygous trait
B dominant trait
C recessive trait
63 D heterozygous trait