BNP10202

CONSTRUTION MATERIALS
AGGREGATE
BY : EN. AZMAN BIN JAAFAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
INTRODUCTION
Aggregate can be described as crushed stone,
gravel, sand, slag and recycled concrete.
Used as base material under foundations, a
component of composite materials such as
concrete and asphalt concrete,
Normally used in building and road
constructions.
Natural sources for aggregates include gravel
pits, river run deposits and rock quarries.
Type of Rock
Classification of
Aggregates
Aggregate can be
classified according
to their unit weight.
High Density
Aggregate
Normal Aggregate
Lightweight
Aggregate
Bulk Density & Specific
Gravity
Type of Aggregates
High-Density Aggregate (H-DA)
Type of Aggregates
Light Weight Aggregate (LWA)
Type of Aggregates
Normal Aggregate (NA)
Type of Aggregates
Normal Aggregate (NA)
Physical Properties of
Aggregate
Strength
The application of aggregate
such as concrete, foundation
and etc. in terms of random
arrangement of particles
contribute to spreading of
concentrated loading
effectively.
However, the aggregate
should be compacted for
significant contact between
particles in distributing of
loading and reducing
settlement.
Advantage of angular particles and rough aggregates
can create better interlocking system and tendency to
resist forces from developed friction
Compare to rounded particles with smooth surface
contributes to less frictions resistance and easy to slide.
High compressive strength of aggregate is useful to
enhance the capability in resisting compressive force
especially for composite materials such as concrete,
asphalt concrete and etc.
In normal practice, the weight of aggregate is stronger
than the composite materials.
The strength of aggregate is measured by on following
tests:
Aggregate crushing value (most popular)
Aggregate impact test
Ten percent fines value
 Physical Properties of
Aggregate
Hardness
Hardness is defined as the
ability of aggregates to resist
the damaging effect of load
or applied pressure.
This hardness aggregate is
depending on the type of
parent rock.
The hardness of aggregate
can be tested by using
abrasion test as described in
BS 812: Part 113: 1990 or
ASTM C 131: C535.
This test is conducted
by placing the blended
aggregates in a large
drum
standard sized of steel
balls.
500 revolutions of
drum rotation are
carried out,
the aggregates will
pass through the sieve.
Physical Properties of
Aggregate
Durability
Durability is defined as the ability of aggregate to
withstand external or internal damaging attack such as
weathering effect (also known as soundness)
The soundness of aggregate is tested by simulating the
weathering effect by soaking the different sized fractions
of oven-dry sample, in sodium sulfate or magnesium
sulfate solution for 16hours to create freezing effect.
The sample is subjected to five cycles of soaking and
drying procedure.
Tested samples were then washed and weighted to
determine loss percentage of entire samples.
The results will be compared with allowable limits to
determine whether the aggregate is acceptable.
Physical Properties of
Aggregate
Toughness
Toughness is defined as the resistance if
aggregate to failure by impact.
The toughness of aggregates can be
determined by implementing
Aggregate Impact Test according to MS 30:
Part 10: 1995.
The aggregate impact value shall not exceed
45% by weight for aggregate used in concrete
and 30% for wearing surface.
Physical Properties of
Aggregate
Porosity
Porosity is defined as the ratio of
the volume of pores in particle to
its total volume (solid volume Plus
the volume of pores)

All aggregates are porous; some

are more porous and some are
less depending on types of
aggregate.
Most of granite and limestone
have very low porosity whereas a
large majority of sandstone rocks
have high porosity as high as 13%
and 30%.
Physical Properties of
Aggregate
Porosity of natural aggregate can be
determined by using following formula:

A porous aggregate may influence the

capability of water absorption when it is dry.
The amount of water absorption is depending
on the size and volume of aggregate.
Physical Properties of
Aggregate
Absorption
Aggregate can capture fluid (water, moisture,
asphalt binder and etc) in surface voids.
Voids represent the amount of air space
between the aggregate particles.
The amount of void normally expressed as
void content and can be determined by using
equation below:
Physical Properties of
Aggregate
The definition of absorption capacity or water
absorption or absorbed moisture can be
defined as the moisture content in the
saturated surface dry condition.
Physical Properties of
Aggregate
Determination of moisture content (MC) can be calculated by
using following equation:

Method of determination of moisture content and absorption

of aggregate. They are:
Displacement method
It gives the moisture content as a percentage by mass of saturated

surface dry sample

Drying method
Oven drying method
Modified drying method
Total moisture content due to free plus absorbed water
Grading of Aggregates
Sieve analysis test is used in grading of aggregate.
Sieve analysis consists of determining the
proportionate amounts of particles retained or passing
through each of a set of sieves arranged in decreasing
sizes.
It is expressed in terms of percentages.
The grading curve can be drawn from this analysis and
the curve showing cumulative percentages of the
material passing the sieves.
The grading curve indicates whether the grading of a
given sample conforms to that specified, or is too
coarse or too fine or too deficient in particular size.
Grading of
Aggregates
The reading of the grading curve will
indicates the followings:
If the actual grading curve is lower than
specified grading curve, the aggregate is
coarser and segregation of mix might take
place.
If the actual grading curve lies well above
the specified curve, the aggregate is finer
and more water will be required, thus
increasing the quantity of cement also for a
constant water cement ratio. Therefore, this
is uneconomical.
If the actual grading is steeper than
specified, it indicates an excess of middle-
size particles and leads to harsh mix.
If the actual grading curve is flatter than
specified grading curve, the aggregate will
be deficient in middle size particles.
EXAMPLE
EXERCISE
Particle Shape of
Aggregate.
Particle Shape of
Aggregate.
Surface Texture of
Aggregate
Surface texture is a measure of the smoothness
or roughness of the aggregate.
The strength of the bond between aggregate and
cement paste depends upon the surface texture.
The bond is the development of mechanical
anchorage and depends upon the surface
roughness and surface porosity of the aggregate.
An aggregate with rough and porous texture may
increase the aggregate cement bond up to 1.75
times, in which may increase the compressive and
flexural strength of concrete up to 20%.
Surface Texture of
Aggregate
The surface pores help in the development of
good bond on account of suction of paste into
these pores.
Aggregate with polished surface do not
produce such strong concrete compared to
those with rough surface,
The more angular the aggregate, the more
surface area it will produce, thus, result in
greater bonding.
END OF CHAPTER 2
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