CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

Introduction

What are Pumping Systems

Objective of pumping system

Transfer liquid
from source to
destination
Circulate liquid
around a system
(US DOE, 2001)

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Introduction

What are Pumping Systems

Main pump components
Pumps
Prime movers: electric motors, diesel engines,
air system
Piping to carry fluid
Valves to control flow in system
Other fittings, control, instrumentation
End-use equipment
Heat exchangers, tanks, hydraulic machines
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 Introduction

Pumping System Characteristics

Head
destination
Resistance of the system Stati
c
Two types: static and friction head

Static head source

Difference in height between

source and destination Static
head
Independent of flow

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Flow
Introduction

Pumping System Characteristics

Static head consists of
Static suction head (hS): lifting liquid relative to
pump center line
Static discharge head (hD) vertical distance
between centerline and liquid surface in
destination tank
Static head at certain pressure

Head (in feet) = Pressure (psi) X 2.31

Specific gravity
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 Conversion Factors Between Head
and Pressure
Head (feet of liquid) =Pressure in PSI x 2.31
/ Sp. Gr.
Pressure in PSI = Head (in feet) x Sp. Gr. /
2.31
PSI is Pounds per Square Inch
Sp. Gr. is Specific Gravity which for water is
equal to 1
For a fluid more dense than water, Sp. Gr.
is greater than 1
For a fluid less dense than water, Sp. Gr.
is less than 1
Introduction

Pumping System Characteristics

Friction head
Resistance to flow in pipe and fittings
Depends on size, pipes, pipe fittings, flow
rate, nature of liquid
Proportional to square of flow rate
Closed loop system
only has friction head Friction
head
(no static head)

Flow
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Introduction

Pumping System Characteristics

In most cases:
Total head = Static head + friction head

System
System
curve
Friction curve
head
System System
head head Friction
Static head head

Static head

Flow Flow
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 Type of Pumps

Pump Classification
Classified by operating principle

Pumps

Others (e.g. Positive

Dynamic Impulse, Buoyancy) Displacement

Centrifugal Special effect Rotary Reciprocating

Internal External Slide

Lobe
gear gear vane
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Type of Pumps

Positive Displacement Pumps

For each pump revolution
Fixed amount of liquid taken from one end
Positively discharged at other end

If pipe blocked
Pressure rises
Can damage pump

Used for pumping fluids other than

water
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Type of Pumps

Positive Displacement Pumps

Reciprocating pump
Displacement by reciprocation of piston
plunger
Used only for viscous fluids and oil wells

Rotary pump
Displacement by rotary action of gear, cam or
vanes
Several sub-types
Used for special services in industry
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Centrifugal Pumps
A machine for moving fluid by
accelerating the fluid RADIALLY
outward.
A collection chamber in the casing
converts much of the Kinetic
Energy (energy due to velocity)
into Head or Pressure.
Centrifugal Pumps

How do they work?

Liquid forced into

impeller
Vanes pass kinetic
energy to liquid: liquid
rotates and leaves
impeller
Volute casing converts
kinetic energy into
pressure energy

(Sahdev M) 14
 Type of Pumps

Centrifugal Pumps
Impeller Sahdev)

Main rotating part that provides centrifugal

acceleration to the fluid
Number of impellers = number of pump stages
Impeller classification: direction of flow, suction type
and shape/mechanical construction

Shaft
Transfers torque from motor to impeller during pump
start up and operation
 Type of Pumps

Centrifugal Pumps
Casings
Functions Volute Casing (Sahdev)
Enclose impeller as pressure vessel
Support and bearing for shaft and impeller

Volute case
Impellers inside casings
Balances hydraulic pressure on pump shaft

Circular casing
Vanes surrounds impeller
Used for multi-stage pumps 16
Centrifugal Pumps
This machine consists of an
IMPELLER rotating within a case
(diffuser)

Liquid directed into the

center of the rotating
impeller is picked up by
the impellers vanes and
accelerated to a higher velocity by
the rotation of the impeller and
discharged by centrifugal force
into the case (diffuser).
 Centrifugal Impellers
Impeller
Vanes

Eye of
the Thickness
Impeller of the impeller
Diameter of
Water
the Impeller
Entrance
Thicker the Impeller- More Water
Larger the DIAMETER - More
Pressure
Increase the Speed - More Water and
Impellers
 Two Impellers in Series

Direction of Flow

Twice the pressure

Same amount of water
Multiple Impellers in Series

Direction of Flow Direction of Flow

Placing impellers in series increases the amount of head

produced
The head produced = # of impellers x head of one impeller
 Pump Performance Curve
A mapping or graphing of the pump's ability to
produce head and flow
 Pump Performance Curve
Step #1, Horizontal Axis

The pump's flow rate is plotted on the horizontal

axis ( X axis)
Usually expressed in Gallons per Minute

Pump Flow Rate

 Pump Performance Curve
Step #2, Vertical Axis

The head the pump produces is

plotted on the vertical axis (Y axis)
Usually express in Feet of Water
Head

Pump Flow Rate

 Pump Performance Curve
Step #3, Mapping the Flow and the Head

Performance Curve

Most pump
performance
curves slope from
Head

left to right

Pump Flow Rate

 Pump Performance Curve
Important Points

Shut-off Head
Shut-off Head is the maximum
pressure or head the pump can
produce
No flow is produced
Head

Pump Flow Rate

System Performance Curves
System Performance Curve is a
mapping of the head required to
produce flow in a given system
A system includes all the pipe,
fittings and devices the fluid must
flow through, and represents the
friction loss the fluid experiences
System Performance Curve
Step #1, Horizontal Axis

The System's flow rate in plotted on the

horizontal axis ( X axis)
Usually expressed in Gallons per Minute

System Flow Rate

 System Performance Curve
Step #2, Vertical Axis

! The head the system requires is

plotted on the vertical axis (Y axis)
! Usually express in Feet of Water
Head

Pump Flow Rate

 System Performance Curve
Step #3, Curve Mapping

The friction loss is mapped onto the graph

The amount of friction loss varies with flow
through the system

Friction Loss
Head

Pump Flow Rate

 The point on the system curve that intersects
the pump curve is known as the operating
point.
Head

Pump Flow Rate

PUMP SELECTION

Valve Barely
Open Valve Partially Open

Valve Open
Head

Pump Flow Rate

Thank You