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By : Kishan
Inti International University
CONSERVATION OF MASS
Mass is neither created nor destroyed
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3 5
Reactor
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11
1
Distillation 4
2
12 13
6 Heat 8
Seperator
Exchanger
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7
2
SYSTEMS
Systems
OPEN or CLOSED
Any arbitrary portion of or a whole process that you
want to consider for analysis
Reactor, the cell, mitochondria, human body, section of a
pipe
Closed System
Material neither enters nor leaves the system
Changes can take place inside the system
Open System
Material can enter through the boundaries
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STEADY-STATE
Steady-State
Nothing is changing with time
@ steady-state accumulation = 0
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PROCESSES
Batch Process
Feed is fed at the beginning of the process
Continuous Process
The input and outputs flow continuously throughout the
duration of proces
Semibatch Process
Any process neither batch nor continuous
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BALANCES ON CONTINUOUS
STEADY-STATE PROCESSES
Input + Generation = Output + Consumption
If the balance is on a nonreactive species, the generation and
consumption will be 0.
Thus, Input = Output
Example
.
1000 kg/h 0.5 = 450 kg/h + m2
.
m2 = 50 kg/h Benzene
Toluene balance
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BALANCES ON BATCH PROCESSES
D F=B+D
F.xF = D.xD + B.xB
F
F.yF = D.yD + B.xB
(W+A)
x: mole fraction of W
B y: mole fraction of A
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EXAMPLE (BATCH PROCESS)
Centrifuges are used to seperate particles in the range of 0.1 to 100 m
in diameter from a liquid using centrifugal force. Yeast cells are
recovered from a broth ( a mix with cells) using tubular centrifuge.
Determine the amount of the cell-free discharge per hour if 1000 L/hr is
fed to the centrifuge, the feed contains 500 mg cells/L, and the product
stream contains 50 wt% cells. Assume that the feed has a density of 1
g/cm3.
( d= 1 g/cm3)
Cell-free discahrge D(g/hr)
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EXAMPLE (Batch Process)
Centrifuges are used to seperate particles in the range of 0.1 to 100 m in diameter
from a liquid using centrifugal force. Yeast cells are recovered from a broth ( a mix
with cells) using tubular centrifuge. Determine the amount of the cell-free
discharge per hour if 1000 L/hr is fed to the centrifuge, the feed contains 500 mg
cells/L, and the product stream contains 50 wt% cells. Assume that the feed has a
density of 1 g/cm3.
(d= 1 g/cm3)
Cell-free discharge D(g/hr)
Cell balance
500 mg cells 1g 0.5 g cells
1000 L feed . . . P[g/hr]
1 L feed 1000 mg 1gP
P 1000 g/hr
Fluid balance L 1g 10cm 3 1dm 3 6 g
. .n3 mol/min
0.2 n1 mol O2/min
0.015 mol H2O/mol
C y mol O2/mol
(0.985 y ) mol N2/mol
.n1 mol air/min B A
0.21 mol O2/mol
0.79 mol N2/mol .n2 mol H2O/min
20 cm3 H2O /min
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EXAMPLE (FLOW CHART)
n2 = 20 cm3 H2O/min . 1 g H2O/cm3 . 1 mol/18.02 g
n2 = 1.11 mol H2O/min
H2O Balance
n2 mol H2O/min = n3 mol/min . 0.015 mol H2O/mol
n3 = 74.1 mol/min
Total Mole Balance
0.2 n1 + n1 + n2 = n3
n1 = 60.8 mol/min
N2 Balance
n1 mol/min . 0.79 mol N2/mol = n3 mol/min . (0.985-y) mol N2/mol
y = 0.337 mol O2/mol
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FLOWCHART SCALING
n1
n3
A
n2
CHBI 201 14
DEGREE OF FREEDOM ANALYSIS (df)
ndf = nunknowns nindep.eqns
If ndf = 0
Problem can be solved (determined)
If ndf > 0
Unknowns > knowns (underspecified)
If ndf < 0
overspecified (no solution)
Material balances,
Energy balances,
Process specificaitons,
Physical props&laws,
Physical constraints
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Example H20 is given
Humid air Condenser Dry air
(n4) O2 In the
(n0) O2
(n5) N2 condenser,
(n1) N2 95% of H2O
(n6) H2O
(n2) H2O in the inlet
air is
(n3) H2O condensed.
225 L/h
Product
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EXAMPLE 2 - continue
Streams FEED WATER PRODUCT
Species
NaOH FNaOH WNaOH PNaOH Nu = 3(2+1) = 9
H2O FH2O WH2O PH2O
Last row in the table
Total F W P
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EXAMPLE 3 - continue
F4
F1
CH4 xCH4
CH4 0.2 F3
N2 xN2
N2 0.8 N2 1
C2H6 xC2H6
F2
C2H6 0.1
N2 0.9
Unknowns: 3 xi and 4 Fi
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EXAMPLE 3 - continue
Equations:
Material balance (CH4, C2H6, N2)
One specified ratio xCH4/xC2H6 = 1.5
One summation of mole fractions
5 independent equations x 1 for F
i 4
Ndf = 7 5 = 2
CHBI 201 21
Balances on Multiple-unit Processes
40 kg/hr 30 kg/hr
Q1 Q2
1 3
x1 x2 Q3
100 kg/hr 2
x3
0.5 kg A/kg
0.5 kg B/kg
30 kg/hr 4
0.3 kg A/kg
0.7 kg B/kg
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Balances on Multiple-unit Processes
Q : mass flow rate
You should treat any
xA : mass fraction of A
1-xA : mass fraction of B
junction as a process unit!
Number of unknowns = 6
Number of equations = 2+2+2 = 6
Therefore, solution exists
100 = 40 + Q1 Q1 = 60 kg/hr
100.(0.5) = 40.(0.9) + 60.(x1) x1 = 0.233 1
30 + Q1 = Q2 Q2 = 90 kg/hr 2
x2 = 0.256
30 + Q3 = Q2 Q3 = 60 kg/hr
x3 = 0.083
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CHBI 201 23
CHBI 201 24
RECYCLE & BYPASS STREAM
It is rare that a chemical reaction A B proceeds to
completion in a reactor. Its efficiency is never 100. Some A
in the product !
To find a way to send the A back to feed you need a
seperation and recycle equipment, this would decrease the
cost of purchasing more A.
If a fraction of the feed to a process unit is diverted
around the unit and combined with the output stream, this
process is called bypass.
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EXAMPLE - continue
n1 (mol)
AIR
n4 (mol) 100 mol
0.04 W
CONDITIONER 0.017 W 0.983 DA
0.96 DA
0.983 DA 0.017 W(v)
n3 mole W()
n2 (mol)
0.977 DA
0.023 W(v) 27
EXAMPLE - continue
Overall system: 2 variables (n1, n3)
2 balance equations (two species)
Degree of freedom = 0
(n1, n3) are determined!!!
n2 = 392.5 mol
n5 = 290 mol recycled
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CHEMICAL REACTION STOICHIOMETRY
If there is a chemical reaction in a process
More complications
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LIMITING & EXCESS REACTANTS
[ (n ) - (n ) ]
Fractional excess of A A feed A stoich
(n )
A stoich.
moles reacted
Fractional conversion of A
moles fed
n -n
Extend of reaction () i i0
i
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EXAMPLE
C3H6 + NH3 + 3/2 O2 C3H3N + 3 H2O
Feed: 10 mol % of C3H6, 12 mole % NH3 and 78 mole % air
A fractional converison of limiting reactant = 30%
Taking 100 mol of feed as a basis, determine which reactant
is limiting, and molar amounts of all product gas constituents
for a 30% conversion of the limiting reactant.
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EXAMPLE continue
Feed: nC3H6= 10 mole nNH3=12 mole nO2= 78.(0.21) =16.4 mole
nNH3/nC3H6= 12/10 = 1.2 NH3 is excess (stoich. 1)
nO2/nC3H6= 16.4/10 = 1.64 O2 is excess (stoich. 1.5)
(nNH3)stoich.= 10 mole (nO2)stoich.= 15 mole
A reaction can be
)Reversible
)Irreversible
CHBI 201 34
EXAMPLE
CO (g) + H2O (g) CO2 (g) + H2 (g)
Given @ T=1105 K, K=1
nCO= 1 mol, nH2O= 2mol, initially no CO2 and H2
Calculate the equilibrium composition and the
fractional converison of the limiting reactant.
Equilibrium constant;
K(T) =
yCO2 y H 2
yCO y H 2O
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EXAMPLE continue
nCO = 1-e , nH2O = 2-e , nCO2 = e , nH2 = e
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