Radiowave Block Diagram

Coding Modulation Antenna

Decoding Demodulation Antenna

In today's class:
How does the signal propagate? What are the prominent effects?
--- Small scale fading, multipath fading
 From Packets to Signals

Analog Signal

Digital Signal

Bit Stream 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1
0100010101011100101010101011101110000001111010101110101010101101011010111001
Packets
Header/Body Header/Body Header/Body

Packet Sender Receiver

Transmission
 FADING
Inwireless communications
,fadingis variation of the
attenuationof a signal with various
variables.
These variables include time,
geographical position, and radio
frequency.
Multipath fading
Shadow Fading (due to shadowing
from obstacles affecting thewave
 NORMAL SHADOWING

Tx Rx0 Rx

d
0

d
 Radio Propagation: Fading and multipath

Tx

Rx

Effects of multipath
Fading (rapid fluctuation of the amplitude of a radio
signal over a
short period of time or travel distance)
Varying doppler shifts on different multipath signals
(When a user is moving, the user's velocity causes a shift
in the frequency of the signal transmitted along each
 Small-scale Multipath
Propagation

d
The mobile radio channel
as a function of time and space.

d
X Y

Illustration of Doppler effect.

The Wireless Channel
Path Loss
Shadowing
Multipath
Amplitud Fading
Doppler
e
Fading

Distance x
Large, medium and small scale
fading
Large Scale Fading: Average signal power
attenuation/path loss due to motion over large areas.
Medium scale fading: Local variation in the average
signal power around mean average power due to
shadowing by local obstructions
Small scale fading: large variation in the signal power
due to small changes in the distance between
transmitter and receiver (Also called Rayleigh fading
when no LOS available). It is called Rayleigh fading
due to the fact that various multipaths at the receiver
with random amplitude & delay add up together to
render rayleigh PDF for total signal.
Practical examples of small scale
multipath fading
Common examples of multipath fading are
temporary failure of communication
due to a severe drop in the channel
signal to noise ratio (You may have also
experienced this. And you moved a
steps away & noted that reception is
better. It is due to small scale fading
effects. )
FM radio transmission experiencing
intermittent loss of broadcast when
away from station.