Choosing the appropriate

voltage dip mitigation device

LABORELEC

dr. ir. Marcel Didden

marcel.didden@laborelec.com
LABORELEC 0032 - 479 77 01 35
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 Content

1. Introduction
2. Mitigation equipment
3. Dip immunization capability
4. Other aspects
5. Conclusion

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 1. Introduction

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Voltage dips / sags

> 10%

<2s
Dip
Dips are mainly caused by short circuits

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 Cost per process outage
(cases Laborelec 2004/2005)
Basic Chemicals
Semiconductor
Automotive
Textile
Non-Ferro
Food 190 000
100 000
Textile
Textile
Textile
Textile
Dairy
Textile
Textile
Plastics
Food
Textile
Food
Dairy
Dairy

0 10.000 20.000 30.000 40.000 50.000 60.000 70.000 80.000 90.000 100.000

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 Mitigation possibilities
a. Adaptation processes
b. Adaptations protections
a c. Installing mitigation equipment
d. Grid restructuring

VSD 1 b
c d
VSD 2 Entrance grid
company
PLC

Sensitive Processes

Options a, b and d are most interesting, but not always possible

Sometimes c is the only option
Installing a UPS is the easiest way to mitigate dips but too expensive
This presentation analyses alternatives

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2. Mitigation equipment

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 Flywheel

grid load

static switch

G M/G

converters

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Static UPS

grid load

AC/DC-converter DC/AC-converter

battery

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 Dynamic Voltage Restorer

grid load

transformer

converter

DC-link with
possibleenergy
reserve

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Statcom

grid load

transformer

converter

DC-link with optional

energy storage

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 Shunt connected
synchronous motor

optional damping coil

grid load

synchronous machine

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 Transformerless series
injection

staticswitch

load

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3. Dip immunization
capability

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Dip distribution
100
100
voltage drop
drop

9090
8080
than voltage

7070 B1
6060
F
5050
less than

4040
B2
NL
sags less

3030 PP
2020 US
of sags

1010 C
% of

0 0
%

0 0 2020 4040 60
60 80
80 100
100
Voltage
Voltagedrop
drop(%)
(%)

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 Immunization level
sag (% Urated)

0 1. 2. 3. 4. .5. 6.

1. -x1%: Immunity process 1

2. -x2%: Immunity process 2

3. -(x1%+y%): Immunity process 1 with DVR

4. -(x2%+y%): Immunity process 2 with DVR

5. -z%: Immunity process 1 with Transformerless Series Injector

6. -z%: Immunity process 2 with Transformerless Series Injector

-100

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Immunization level

Belgian bus bar (B2) , initial

Belgian bus bar (B2) , initial

Maximum voltage lift in %

Cigre bus bar (C) , initial

Cigre bus bar (C) , initial

Maximum voltage drop
Percentage of outages

being protected in %
due to sags that will be

immunity 30%
immunity 10%

immunity 30%

immunity 10%
reduced:

40 - 60%
60 - 80%
80 -100%
Flywheel 100 /
Static UPS 100 /
DVR-Cap1 / 30
DVR-Cap2, 200% load / 50
DVR-Cap2, 400% load / 25
Statcom-SMES / 60
Shunt Connected SM / 60
Transformerless series injection 50 /
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4. Other aspects

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 Size
- : only > 1MW
= : only > 100 kW
+ : also < 100 kW
Purchase cost
- : > 250 /kVA
= : 150 250 /kVA
+ : < 150 /kVA
Maintenance
- : annual maintenance required
+ : no annual maintenance required

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 Efficiency
+ : losses <0,5% Srated
= : losses 0,5-2% Srated
- : losses >2% Srated
Reaction time
+ : reaction or activation transient < 1 ms
= : transient 1-5 ms
- : transient > 5 ms

Harmonics, reactive power

= : no influence
+ : positive influence

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 Summary

Reactive power
Purchase cost

Reaction time
Maintenance

Technology
harmonics
harmonics
Efficiency

maturity
Voltage
Current
Size
Flywheel = - - - = + + + +
Static UPS + = - - + + + + +
DVR-1 + + + = = = = + =
DVR-2, 200% load - + + - = + = = =
DVR-2, 400% load - + + - = + = = =
Statcom-SMES - = - = - = = + -
Shunt connected SM + - - -/= = + +1 + -
Transformerless series injector + = + + = = = = =
1 The harmonic currents are reduced by creating a low impedance path through the SM

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5. Conclusion

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 Most cost efficient
DVR without energy storage
Transformerless series injector
If harmonics are an issue
Synchronous motor
If all sags have to be dealt with
Flywheel or static UPS

further information on
manufacturers or concrete case studies
marcel.didden@laborelec.com

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