Digesti

dan
Absorpsi
 PROSES METABOLISME NST RSHS

NUTRIEN OKSIGEN

INTAKE KEBUTUHAN PANKREAS

INSULIN
GLUKAGON

SAL. CERNA SAL. NAFAS

HATI

CO2
SAL. KARDIOVASKULER

KULIT GINJAL
SEL-SEL TUBUH
METABOLISME:
UREA N
KATABOLISME
AIR & PANAS KREATININ
ANABOLISME
AIR & ELEKTROLIT
Digestive System
Reduces particle size
Helps to absorb micronutrients
and trace elements
Sets a physical and immunologic
barrier
Digestion

Breaks down
Carbohydrates (starch and sugar)
single sugar molecules
Proteins amino acids

Fats fatty acids, glycerol

Enzymes
Proteins
that break
bonds
The Digestive
System

Is a long tube
from the
mouth to the
anus
Digestive System
Mouth to anus
Epithelium lines the lumen
Barrier to invaders
Submucosal layer
Muscularis
Taste and smell
Peristalsis
Muscular
contractions
that move food
along
throughout GI
tract
 The Mouth
Mastication: chewing
Saliva
Salivary glands produce about 1.5 liters of
saliva daily
Salivary amylase (ptyalin) begins to break
down starch (inactivated in the stomach)
Salivary lipase: begins fat digestion, but has
minimal effect
Mucus to lubricate the food for easier
swallowing
Lysozyme to kill bacteria
Tongue
Taste receptors: sweet, sour, salty,
bitter, savory
Enzymes to help break down fatty acids
Swallowing
Bolus is the food swallowed at one
time
Epiglottis blocks windpipe,
prevents choking
The Esophagus
Long tube
Connects pharynx
to the stomach
Peristalsis, muscle
contraction
Lower esophageal
sphincter
Heartburn

http://www.gerd.com/media/grossovw.gif
The Stomach
Lower esophageal sphincter and pyloric
sphincter control entry and exit from
stomach
Storage capacity of ~4 cups
Secretion of hydrochloric acid,
enzymes, including a protease, gastric
lipase; mucus, the hormone gastrin,
and intrinsic factor (B12)
Stomach secretes about 2000-2500 ml
of gastric juice daily
Stomach
pH of stomach is low, 1 to 4; kills many
bacteria and micro-organisms
Achlorhydria, gastrectomy, GI
dysfunction or disease risk of
bacterial overgrowth in the intestines
Protein digestion begins with
pepsinogen which is converted to active
pepsin in acidic stomach environment
Chief cells secrete acid-stable gastric
lipase, which has minor effect on
shorter-chain triglycerides
Stomach
Most of a liquid meal exits in 1 to
2 hours and most of a solid meal
in 2 to 3 hours
Formation of chyme
Mucus layer protects stomach
from digestion
Very little absorption of nutrients
Physiology of the
Stomach
Stomach Acid
Activates digestive enzymes
Partially digests dietary protein
Assists in calcium absorption
Makes dietary minerals soluble for
absorption
The Small Intestine
Most digestion and absorption
happens here
About 5-7 meters
Duodenum (.5 meters)
Jejunum (2-3 meters)
Ileum (3-4 meters)
The Small Intestine
Folded walls with villi projections
Absorptive cells are located on
the villi
Increases intestinal surface area
600x
Rapid cell turnover
The Small Intestine
 Nutrient Absorption
Passive diffusion: driven by
concentration; fats, water, some
minerals
Active absorption: uses energy;
glucose and amino acids
Phagocytosis and pinocytosis:
absorptive cells engulf compounds,
generally larger molecules, as in
immune substances in breast milk
Nutrient Absorption
Site of Absorption
Absorption

Digestion small particles

End products of digestion:
Carbohydrates
monosaccharides
Proteins amino acids

Fats glycerol, fatty acids

Absorption

Through small intestine walls

Absorbed into
Blood water soluble nutrients

Lymph fat soluble nutrients

Blood liver general circulation

Liver detoxifies and repackages
 The Large Intestine
~3 1/2 feet in length
No villi or enzymes present
Little digestion occurs
Absorption of water, some
minerals, vitamins
Bacteria break down fiber; produce
Vitamin K
Formation of feces for elimination
Rectum
Stool remains
Stimulates
elimination
Muscle
contraction
Anal sphincters
Voluntary control
Opens for
elimination
Accessory
Organs
Salivary glands
Pancreas
Gallbladder
Liver
 Salivary Glands

Saliva
Works in mouth

Moistens

Salivary amylase

Digests starch
The Pancreas
Produces glucagon and insulin
(endocrine)
Manufactures digestive enzymes
small intestine
Secretes pancreatic juices
Bicarbonate needed to neutralize
chyme when it enters small
intestine
The Liver
Produces bile (fat digestion)
Enterohepatic circulation
 The Gallbladder
Stores bile
Concentrates it

Releases to
small intestine
when needed
The Digestive System
Digestion in the
Stomach
Different nutrients leave the
stomach at different rates:
Carbohydrates first, followed by
protein,
fat, and fibrous foods
 Summary of Enzymatic
Digestion and
Absorption
Secretio Enzyme Substrat Action Final
n e Produc
t
Saliva Ptyalin Starch Hydrolysis
to form
dextrins
Gastric Pepsin Protein Hydrolysis
juice of peptide
bonds
Gastric Fats Hydrolysis
lipase into free
fatty acids
 Summary of Enzymatic
Digestion and
Absorption
Secretio contd
Enzyme Substrat Action Final
n e Produc
t
Pancreatic Lipase Fat Hydrolysis Fatty
exocrine to mono- acids
secretion glycerides
Cholester Cholesterol Hydrolysis Choles-
ol to esters of terol
esterase cholesterol
and fatty
acids
alpha- Starch, Hydrolysis Dextrin,
Amylase dextrins maltose
 Summary of Enzymatic
Digestion and
Absorption
Secretio Enzyme contd
Substrat Action Final
n e Product
Pancreatic Trypsin Protein Hydrolys Polypeptid
exocrine is es
secretion
Chymotryp Protein Hydrolys Polypeptid
sin is es
Carboxy- Polypep- Hydrolys Amino
peptidase tides is acids
Ribonuclea Ribonu- Hydrolys Mono-
se cleic acids is nucleotides
Elastase Fibrous Hydrolys Amino
protein is acids
 Summary of Enzymatic
Digestion and
Absorption
Secretion contd
Enzyme Substrat Action Final
e Product
Brush Carboxy- Polypep- Hydrolysi Amino
border peptidase; tides s acids
enzymes aminopep-
tidase;
dipeptidas
e
Entero- Trypsino- Activates Polypep-
kinase gen to trypsin tidases
and
peptides
Sucrase Sucrose Hydrolysi Glucose,
 Enzymatic Digestion and
Absorption contd
Secretio Enzyme Substrate Action Final
n Product
Brush Isomaltase Dextrin Hydrolysi Glucose
border s
enzymes
Maltase Maltose Hydrolysi Glucose
s
Lactase Lactose Hydrolysi Glucose,
s galactose
Nucleotidase Nucleic acid Hydrolysi Nucleotide
s s s
Nucleosidas Nucleosidas Hydrolysi Purine and
es and es s pyrimidine
Features of Digestion
and Absorption
92% to 97% of the diet is
absorbed
Small intestinekey role in
digestion and absorption
Intestines: 7 meters long
Villi and microvilli/brush border
Villi of the Human Intestine
Refeeding after
Starvation
GI tract compromised after
starvation
Feeding results in cellular
proliferation, which restores
normal gastrointestinal
architecture and function after a
few days
Lipids
The major portion of fat digestion
takes place in the small intestine
as a result of pancreatic lipase
Summary of Fat
Absorption
Transport Pathways through the
Cell Membrane
Large Intestine
5 feet long
Bacterial action to produce gases
and organic acids
Nutrients formed herevitamin K,
thiamin, vitamin B12, riboflavin
The Gradual Breakdown of
Large Starch Molecules
Process of Digestion
of Carbohydrate
Sites of Secretion and Absorption
into Gastrointestinal Tract
Neurotransmitters
Alpha-aminobutyric acid: relaxes LES
Norepinephrine: decreases motility,
increases contractions of sphincters,
inhibits secretions
Acetylcholine: increases motility, relaxes
sphincters, stimulates secretions
Neurotensin: inhibits release of gastric
emptying and acid secretion
Neuropeptide-Y: stimulates feeding
behavior
Hormones and GI
Function: Gastrin
Released from gastric mucosa
and duodenum in presence of
peptides and amino acids;
stimulates secretion of
hydrochloric acid and
pepsinogen; increases gastric
antral motility, increases LES
tone
Hormones and GI
function: Secretin
Secretin: from duodenal mucosa
in presence of acid in small
intestine; stimulates pancreas to
secrete water and bicarb; also
insulin and pancreatic enzymes
Hormones and GI
function: Cholecystokinin
(CCK)
Released from proximal small
bowel in presence of peptices,
amino acids, fat, HCL, stimulates
pancreas to release pancreatic
enzymes
Hormones and GI
function: Gastric
Inhibitory Polypeptide
Released from small intestine in
(GIP)
presence of glucose and fat;
inhibits gastrin-stimulated release
of gastric acid
Hormones and GI
Function (Motilin)
Released from stomach and small
and large intestine in presence of
biliary and pancreatic secretions;
promotes gastric emptying and
increases GI motility
Hormones and GI
function: Somatostatin
Released from stomach,
pancreas, and upper small
intestine in presence of acidity
and products of protein and fat
digestion; inhibits release of
gastrin, motilin, and pancreatic
secretions; decreases motility of
GI tract
Digesti dan Absorpsi
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