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Chemical Control
What are endocrine
hormones?
1. Chemical signals
from one cell to
remote target cells.
2. Chemicals for direct
cell-to-cell
communication.
3. Chemicals that cross
a gap between to
adjacent cells.
Messenger Molecules
1. Direct.
2. Synaptic.
3. Paracrine.
4. Endocrine.
When blood sugar is high, body cells must
be stimulated to take up sugar. This is
accomplished by ___ communication.
1. Direct.
2. Synaptic.
3. Paracrine.
4. Endocrine.
Aspirin helps relieve headaches
because it:
1. Inhibits
prostaglandin
synthesis.
2. Stimulates
prostaglandin
synthesis.
Endocrine hormones
active
enzyme
receptor product
cyclic AMP
(second messenger) 4The activated enzymes
catalyze specific reactions
plasma membrane
inactive reactant
enzyme
3 The second nuclear
messenger activates envelope
other enzymes (nucleus)
Steroid Hormones
Steroid hormones enter through the cell
membrane and bind to receptors inside
of the target cell.
These hormones may directly stimulate
transcription of genes to make certain
proteins.
Because steroids work by triggering gene
activity, the response is slower than
peptide hormones.
steroid hormone (extracellular 2 The hormone binds to a
fluid) receptor in the nucleus or to
a receptor in the cytoplasm 3The hormonereceptor
that carries it into the nucleuscomplex binds to DNA and
causes RNA polymerase to
bind to a nearby promoter
1A steroid hormone site for a specific gene
diffuses through the
plasma membrane
DNA
plasma hormone receptor
membrane
ribosome
RNA polymerase
5 The mRNA leaves the
nucleus, then attaches to a
ribosome and directs the 4RNA polymerase catalyzes
synthesis of a specific protein mRNA the transcription of DNA into
product messenger RNA (mRNA)
nuclear
envelope
(cytoplasm) (nucleus)
If receptors for a hormone were
blocked, the effect would be the same
as if:
1. More hormone was
added.
2. No hormone had
been released.
3. More receptors had
been added.
4. The receptors had
not been blocked.
Your doctor injects a hormone as a treatment
for a condition, and says it wont take effect
for at least 24 hours. What kind of hormone
was used?
1. Peptide
2. Steroid
3. Amino acid derived
W
O
R
K
T
How do endocrine hormones know O
which cells are their target cells? G
E
T
H
E
R
Role of the
Hypothalamus
The thalamus receives sensory
information, relays some to the
hypothalamus.
Hypothalamus monitors the body for
temperature, pH, other conditions.
Hypothalamus signals pituitary gland if
conditions need to be corrected.
Role of the Pituitary
1Neurosecretory cells of
1Neurosecretory cells the hypothalamus produce
of the hypothalamus oxytocin and ADH
produce releasing and
inhibiting hormones
Releasing
2 or inhibiting hormones
(green circles) are secreted into
capillaries feeding the anterior lobe
of the pituitary
Parathyroids Parathyroid hormone Stimulates the release of calcium from the bones.
Islet cells (in Insulin Decreases blood sugar by promoting uptake of glucose by cells.
the pancreas)
Glucagon Increases blood sugar by stimulating breakdown of glycogen in the liver.
Testes Testosterone Regulates sperm cell production and secondary sex characteristics.
Adrenal Glucocorticoids Part of stress response, increase blood glucose levels and decrease
medulla immune response.
Testosterone (in both Adult body form (greater muscle mass), libido.
sexes)
Examples:
Thyroid and temperature control
Thyroid, Parathyroid, and calcium
Pancreas and glucose control
W
Knowing the following: O
R
The thyroid produces thyroxine, which K
increases metabolism.
T
Thyroid-stimulating hormone is O
released by the pituitary. G
E
Sketch a negative feedback loop that T
controls body temperature regulation. H
E
R
Temperature Control
W
Knowing the following: O
R
Calcitonin from the thyroid inhibits K
calcium release from the bones.
T
Parathyroid hormone stimulates O
G
release of calcium from the bones. E
T
Sketch a negative feedback loop that H
controls blood calcium level. E
R
Blood Calcium
Knowing that: W
O
Insulin from the pancreas lowers blood R
glucose by stimulating body cells to take K
up glucose.
T
Glucagon from the pancreas increases O
G
blood sugar by stimulating the liver to E
break down glycogen into glucose. T
H
Sketch a negative feedback loop that E
controls blood sugar. R
Blood Sugar Control
W
Given this patient profile, can you make a O
diagnosis? R
K
Age 14
T
Gender Male O
G
Exam: Normal weight, low blood pressure E
T
Lab tests: High blood glucose, low levels of H
insulin. E
R
W
O
Now how about this patient? R
K
Age 40
T
Gender Male O
G
Exam: Obese, high blood pressure E
T
Lab tests: High blood glucose, normal H
levels of insulin. E
R
Other hormone roles