BIOLOGY SBI3UI

Module 1: Biological
macromolecules
Activity 2
A. Carbohydrates

By: Miss Kasthuri

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 Overview
Carbohydrates
Characteristics of Carbohydrates

Sources of Carbohydrates
Simple Sugars

Complex Carbohydrates

Dietary Fiber

Important Polysaccharides

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 What are Carbohydrates?
Carbohydrates (glycans) have the
following basic composition:
I
(CH2O)n or H - C - OH
I

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4
 Characteristics of
Carbohydrates
Consist of carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen
Energy containing molecules
Some provide structure
Basic building block is a
monosaccharide (CH2O)n ; n = 3,5,6
Two monosaccharides form a
disaccharide
 Types of Carbohydrates
Simple Carbohydrates
monosaccharides
disaccharides
Complex Carbohydrates
oligosaccharides
polysaccharides
glycogen
starches
fibers

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 Simple Carbohydrates

a. Monosaccharides

all are 6 carbon hexes

6 carbons
12 hydrogens
6 oxygens
arrangement differs
accounts for varying sweetness
glucose, fructose, galactose
 Monosaccharides: Single
Sugars
Glucose
carbohydrate form used by the
body, referred to as blood
sugar
basic sub-unit of other larger
carbohydrate molecules
found in fruits, vegetables,
honey

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 Monosaccharides: Single
Sugars
Fructose
sweetest of the sugars
occurs naturally in fruits & honey,
fruit sugar
combines with glucose to form
sucrose

Galactose
combines with glucose to form
lactose, milk sugar
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 Simple Carbohydrates

b. Dissacharides
pairs of the monosaccharides
glucose is always present
2nd of the pair could be fructose, galactose or
another glucose
taken apart by hydrolysis
put together by condensation
hydrolysis and condensation occur with all
energy nutrients
maltose, sucrose, lactose
 Disaccharides
Sucrose (table sugar)
glucose + fructose

Lactose (milk sugar)

glucose + galactose

Maltose (malt sugar)

glucose + glucose
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Joining and Cleaving Sugar
Molecules

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Dehydration Synthesis
of a Disaccharide
Formation of Disaccharides
Hydrolysis of a Disaccharide
 Complex Carbohydrates
a. Oligosaccharides
short carbohydrate chains of 3 - 10
monosaccharides
found in legumes and human milk
Examples: cannot be broken down by human
enzymes, though can be digested
raffinose by colonic bacteria
stachyose

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 Complex Carbohydrates
b. Polysaccharides
long carbohydrate chains of
monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds
alpha () bonds (starch)
beta () bonds (found in fiber)
Examples : starch, glycogen, fiber

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 amylose
Complex
Carbohydrates
Starch amylopectin
plant storage form of
carbohydrate
long branched or
unbranched chains of
glucose
amylose
amylopectin

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 Complex Carbohydrates
Glycogen
highly branched chains of
glucose units
animal storage form of
carbohydrate
found in LIVER and MUSCLE
Humans store ~ 100g in liver;
~ 400g in muscle
negligible source of
carbohydrate in the diet
(meat)
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 Complex Carbohydrates
Fiber
Dietary Fiber
non-digestible carbohydrates (chains of
monosaccharides) and lignin that are intact and
intrinsic in plants (includes oligosaccharides)
Functional Fiber
isolated, non-digestible carbohydrates that have
beneficial physiological effects in humans

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 Complex Carbohydrates
Fiber cont.
dietary fiber found in all types of plant
foods
refining removes fiber from whole
grains and other foods

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 Complex Carbohydrates
Fiber cont.
types of non-starch
polysaccharides include:

cellulose
hemicelluloses
pectins
gums & mucilages
-glucans
chitin & chitosan
lignans
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 Important Polysaccharides:
Cellulose
Structural component
in plants
Cannot be digested by
Composed of animals
glucose subunits Cellulose is still an
held together by important part of our
1,4 glycosidic diet because it clears
linkages out our digestive tract
Different bond (fibre!)
formed than starch