ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

McMurry
6th Edition
 Chapter 1

Structure and Bonding

 Introduction
The Development of Organic Chemistry

Bergman-1770: Defined organic and

inorganic substances
Vitalism: Compounds from living
organisms contain a vital force and, unlike
inorganic compounds, cannot be prepared
or reacted in a laboratory.
 1816: Chevreal found that during the process of
making soap, fats were converted into fatty
acids and glycerol

1828: Whler synthesized urea from

ammonium cyanate

O
NH4 OCN C
H 2N NH2
 Organic chemistry is the study of carbon
compounds
The importance of carbon
There are about 975,000 inorganic
compounds
There are over 10 million known organic
compounds
 Atomic Structure

Nucleus
Dense contains nearly all of an atoms mass
Made up of positively charged protons and
uncharged neutrons

Atomic Number Number of protons

Atomic Mass Number Sum of protons and
neutrons
 Atomic Structure
Orbitals
Areas of probable locations of electrons
4 types s, p, d, and f
An S Orbital
A p Orbital
A d Orbital
Some f Orbitals
 Electron Configurations
Aufbau Principle: orbitals fill from lowest
energy up
Pauli Exclusion Principle: There is a maximum
of two electrons per orbital.
Hunds Rule: If 2 or more orbitals have equal
energy, only one electron will go into each
orbital until each contains one, then any
remaining electrons will pair up
Examples
3d
4s
3p
3s
2p 2p
2s 2s
1s 1s

Carbon Nickel
Write Electron Configurations for
the Following
B

Fe

K
 How to Write Lewis Structures
1. Count the number of valence electrons.

2. Determine to central atom(s). Connect the atoms by a

covalent bond represented by a dash.

3. Add electrons in pairs so that as many atoms as

possible have 8 electrons. Start with the most
electronegative atom.

4. If an atom lacks an octet, use electron pairs on an

adjacent atom to form a double or triple bond.
Write Lewis Structures for the
following:
Methane, CH4

Water, H2O

Carbonate Anion, CO32-

Acetylene, C2H2

Nitrogen, N2
 Normal Valances
1 2

H O

X O

X = F, Cl,
Br, I
Normal Valances, continued
3 4

N
C C

N B
C C
N
Valance Bond Theory
 Hybridization

2p

2s

Only two unpaired electrons

Should form bonds to only two hydrogen atoms

Bonds should be at right angles to one another

 Hybridization

2p 2p

2s 2s

Promote an electron from the 2s to the 2p orbital

 sp Hybridization
3

2p
2 sp3

2s

4 equivalent half-filled orbitals are consistent with

four bonds and tetrahedral geometry
sp Orbitals
3
sp Geometry
3
sp Carbon-Carbon Sigma Bond
3
 sp Hybridization
2

2p 2p

2sp2

2s

3 equivalent half-filled sp2 hybrid orbitals plus 1 p

orbital left unhybridized
sp 2
Double Bond Formation
Structure of Ethylene
 sp Hybridization

2p 2p
2 sp

2s

2 equivalent half-filled sp hybrid orbitals plus 2 p orbitals left

unhybridized
sp Hybridization
sp Hybridization
Hybridization of Ammonia and
Water
Molecular Orbital Theory