FHMM1034 Chapter 1 Coordinate Geometry 201610 Standardised 1

Centre For Foundation Studies
Department of Sciences and Engineering
FHMM1034 Mathematics III

Chapter 1
Coordinate Geometry
FHMM1034 Mathematics III 1

Topics
1.1 The Cartesian Coordinate
1.2 The Straight Line
1.3 Shortest Distance from a Point to a
Straight Line
1.4 Intercepts and intersections
1.5 Circle
Topics
1.6 Parabola
1.7 Ellipse
1.8 Hyperbola
1.9 Shifted Conics
1.10 Parametric Equations
1.11 Loci
1.1
The Cartesian
Coordinates

Coordinate Geometry
y
P(x, y)

r y
x x
0
Invented by Rene Descartes (1596-1650), It allows geometric shapes

to be expressed in algebraic equations.
FHMM1034 Mathematics 5
III
Distance between 2 points
Let points P ( x1 , y1 ) and Q( x2 , y2 ) on the
coordinate plane.
The distance between 2 points :

PQ ( x2 x1 ) ( y2 y1 )
2 2

Example 1
Which of the points P(1, 2) or Q(8, 9) is
closer the point A(5, 3) ?
Answer : PA 41, QA 45. Point A closer to point P

Example 2
A( 2, 5) , B ( 4, 1) and C ( 3, 52 ) are three points
on the coordinate plane. Find the distance of
AB , BC and AC . Hence, show that ABC is
a right - angled triangle and find its area.
205 125
Answers : AB 20 , BC , AC , Area 12.50
2 2
Point Dividing Straight Line
If R(x,y) divides the line joining P(x1,y1) and
Q(x2,y2) internally in the ratio and , then
RP Q(x ,y )

2 2

RQ R(x,y)

P(x1,y1)

x2 x1 y2 y1
x , y

Q(x2,y2) externally in the ratio and , then
RP
Q(x ,y )

2 2
RQ
P(x1,y1)

R(x,y)
x2 x1 y2 y1
x , y

We have to look at the ratio to determine the location of
R for external division. For R(x,y) dividing the line PQ
externally in the ratio RP : RQ = : ,
Q(x2,y2) R(x,y)

Q(x2,y2)
P(x1,y1)

R(x,y)
P(x1,y1)

The word external may not be mentioned, but
instead a negative ratio is given. The negative
sign in the ratio indicates the division is external.
Q(x2,y2) in the ratio and , then
Q(x2,y2)

RP
P(x1,y1)
RQ

FHMM1034 Mathematics III R(x,y) 12

Example 3
Find the coordinates of the point R which divides
the line joining the point P(8, 3) and the point
Q ( 4, 5) in the ratio 2 : 5
(i) internally
(ii) externally
32 5
25
Answers:R , , R 16,
7 7 3
Example 4
Find the coordinates of the point P which divides the
line joining A(3, 2) and B(5, 1) in the ratio 2:3.
Answer : P 1,4
The Mid-Point
The mid - point of point P ( x1 , y1 ) and
point Q( x2 , y2 ) are
x1 x2 y1 y2
,
2 2
The mid-point is the point which divides
the line joining P( x1 , y1 ) and point Q( x2 , y2 )
internally in the ratio 1: 1
Example 5
Show that the quadrilateral with vertices
P (1, 2), Q(4, 4), R(5, 9) and S (2, 7) is a
parallelogram by proving that its two
diagonals bisect each other.

1.2
The Straight Line

Straight Line
The gradient /slope m of a straight line passing
through points P ( x1 , y1 ) and Q( x2 , y2 ) is
y2 y1
m , x1 x2
x2 x1

The Equation of Straight Line
The equation of a straight line passing through
points A( x1 , y1 ) and B ( x 2 , y 2 ) is
y y1 y2 y1

x x1 x2 x1

The Equation of Straight Line
The equation of a straight line with gradient m
and passing through the point ( a , b ) is
y b m( x a )

Example 6
Find the equation of the straight line passing
through the points H ( 4, 2) and K ( 5, 3).
5 2
Answer : y x or 9y 5 x 2 0
9 9
Example 7
Find the equation of the straight line with
2
gradient that passes throught points (1, 5).
3
Answer: 3y 2 x 17 0

Parallel and Perpendicular Lines
Let m1 and m2 represent the gradients of the lines
l1 and l2 , which are inclined at angles 1 and 2
respectively to the positive x axis.
Then, m1 tan 1 and m2 tan 2 .
(i) If m1 m2 , the two lines l1 and l2 are parallel.
(ii) If m1m2 1 , the two lines l1 and l2 are

perpendicular.
Angle between Two straight
Lines
The angle between the two lines l1 and l2
is given by
m2 m1
tan
1 m1m2
(i) If tan 0 , is an acute angle.

(ii) If tan 0 , is an obtuse angle.
III
Example 8
(a) Find an equation of the line through
the point (5, 2) that is parallel to the
line 4x 6 y 5 0.
(b) Find an equation of the line that is

perpendicular to the line 4x 6 y 5 0
and passes through the origin.
Answer: (a) 3 y 2 x 16 0 (b) 2y 3 x 0
Example 9
Find the angle between the straight lines
3 x 4 y 8 0 and 5 x 3 y 20 0.
Answer : 84.09
1.3
Shortest Distance
from a Point to a
Straight Line
The Shortest Distance
The shortest distance or perpendicular distance,
d from a point P( h, k ) to the straight line
ax by c 0 is
ah bk c
d
a b
2 2

The Shortest Distance
For points ( hi , ki ) lying on the same side of the
straight line ax by c 0, the expressions
ahi bki c all have same sign (either positive
or negative).
For points ( hi , ki ) lying on the opposite sides of
the straight line ax by c 0, the expressions
ahi bki c have opposite signs (one side positive
and the other side negative.)
Example 10
Find the perpendicular distance from
the point P ( 2, 4) to the straight line
3 x 4 y 5 0.
27
Answer :
5
Example 11
Without using a diagram, determine if
the points P ( 2, 12 ) and Q ( 12 , 2) lie on
the same side of the straight line
x 2 y 4 0.
Answer : P and Q lie on opposite sides.

1.4
Intercepts and
intersections

Intercepts
The x-coordinates of the points where a graph
intersects the x-axis are called the x-intercepts of
the graph and y = 0.
The y-coordinates of the points where a graph

intersects the y-axis are called the y-intercepts of
the graph and x = 0.

Intercepts
Set y =0 and solve for x Set x = 0 and solve for y

Example 12
Find the xintercepts and yintercept of the
equation y x 2 2.
Answers : x 2 , y 2
Points of Intersection
In general, the coordinate of the points of
intersection of two equations can be found by
solving the two equations simultaneously.
Each real solution gives a point of intersection.

Types of Points of Intersection
(i) 2 distinct real roots
(ii) 2 equal real roots
(iii) No real roots
(i) (ii) (iii)

Example 13
Find the coordinates of all points of intersection
between the curves in each of the following
cases.
(i) 2 y x 3 , x y 3 y 3 0 2 2
(ii) y 2 x , y x 5 x 6 x
3 2
Answers : (i) (1,1), (-5,4) (ii) (0,0), (-1,-2), (-4,-8)

Example 14
Sketch the graphs of 2 y x 24 and

y x 6 x 10 on the same diagram,
2
and mark the points of intersection, P and Q .

Without finding the coordinates of P and Q ,
find the coordinates of the mid - point of PQ.
11 85
Answer : ,
4 8
1.5
Circle

Conic Sections
III
Circle
The equation of a circle with the centre C (a, b)
and radius r is
( x a ) ( y b) r
2 2 2
If the centre is the origin, the equation becomes :
x y r
2 2 2

The Circle
If the centre of a circle is ( g , f ), its equation is :
( x g )2 ( y f )2 r 2
x y 2 gx 2 fy g f r 0
2 2 2 2 2
Let c g 2 f 2 r 2 . Then
x y 2 gx 2 fy c 0
2 2
This is the general equation of a circle, with

radius g f c and centre ( g , f ).
2 2

Example 15
Find an equation of the circle

with radius 3 and center (2, 5).
Answer: x 2 y 2 4 x 10 y 20 0
Example 16
Find an equation of the circle that has the

point P (1, 8) and Q (5, 6) as the endpoints
of the diameter.
Answer : x 3 y 1 53
2 2

Example 17
Show that the graph of

x y 2( 4 y 3 x ) 9 0
2 2
is a circle, and find its centre and radius.
Answers: centre (3,-4), radius = 4

Example 18
Find the equation of the circle with centre at the

point (3, 2) and having radius equal to the
shortest distance of the centre from the line
2 y 3x 6 .
Answer: 13x 2 13 y 2 78 x 52 y 48 0
FHMM1034
Mathematics III 47
Example 19
Find the equation of the tangent at the point (5, 1)

on the circle x y 2 x 4 y 20 0.
2 2
Answer: 3 y 4 x 23 0
FHMM1034
48
Mathematics III
Example 20
Find the perpendicular distance of the point A(4, 2)

to the straight line 2 x y 4. Then, find the equation
of a circle with centre A(4, 2) touching the straight
line 2 x y 4 . Find also the coordinates of the point
where the circle touches the above line.
6 3 4
Answers: d , 5 x 2 5 y 2 40 x 20 y 64 0, 1 , .
5 5 5
FHMM1034
49
Mathematics III
1.6
Parabola

Parabola
Geometric Definition
A parabola is the locus of points P(x, y) which

move in such a way such that its distance from a
fixed point F is always equal to its perpendicular
distance from a fixed straight line.

Parabola
y
P(x, y)
N In the diagram, the
vertex O is at the
origin (0, 0)
x
a O F (a, 0)
vertex
PF = PN
x = a y2 = 4ax
a = distance between
vertex and focus.
Parabola
Let F(a, 0) be the fixed point and x = a be the
fixed line. Let P(x, y) be the moving point. By
definition,
PF = PN
PF2 = PN2
(x a)2 + (y 0)2 = (x + a)2
x2 2ax + a2 + y2 = x2 + 2ax + a2
y2 = 4ax

Parabola
y 2 4ax
This is one general equation of a parabola. The
fixed point F(a, 0) is called the focus, the fixed
line x = a is called the directrix, and a is the
distance between the focus and the vertex.
Since the power of y is even, the graph is
symmetrical about the x-axis and exists only
for x 0.

Parabola
The general equation of a parabola is
x 2 4ay
The fixed point F (0, a) is called the focus and
the fixed line y a is called the directrix.
(0,0) is called the vertex.
The graph is symmetric about y axis and
exists only for y 0.
Parabola
Parabola with vertical axis Parabola with horizontal axis
Equation : x 2 4ay Equation: y 2 4ax
Properties: Vertex V (0,0) Properties: Vertex V (0,0)
Focus F (0, a) Focus F (a, 0)
Directrix y = a Directrix x = a
y
y
F(a, 0)
F(0,a) x
x
y = a
x = a
FHMM1034 Mathematics
56
III
Parabola
Parabola with vertical Parabola with horizontal
axis axis
Equation : x 2 4ay Equation: y 2 4ax
Properties: Vertex V (0,0) Properties: Vertex V (0,0)
Focus F (0, a) Focus F (a, 0)
Directrix y = - a Directrix x = - a

Parabola
The line segment (chord)
that run through the focus a a
perpendicular to the axis

with endpoints on the 2a
parabola is called the latus

rectum and its length is F(a, 0)
the focal diameter.

Focal diameter = 4a
x = -a
III
Example 21
Sketch the curve y 2 2 x.

Example 21 Solution
The equation y2 = 2x can be written as

y 4 12 x
2
. Hence, it is a parabola with
vertex O at (0, 0), and is symmetrical about the
x-axis. y
y2 = 2x
x
0

Example 22
a) Find the equation of the parabola with vertex
V(0 ,0) and focus F(0, 2), and sketch its graph.
b) Find the focus and directrix of the parabola

6 x y 0 and sketch the graph.
2
c) Find the focus, directrix and focal diameter of

the parabola y 12 x 2 and sketch its graph.
3 3 1 1
Answers : (a) x 2 8 y (b) F , 0 , directrix : x (c) F 0, , directrix : y , Focal diameter 2
2 2 2 2
III
1.7
Ellipse

The Ellipse
An ellipse is the locus of a point P(x, y) which
moves such that the ratio of its distance from a
fixed point F (focus) to its distance from a fixed
straight line (directrix) at point N is fixed and
less than 1.
This ratio is called the eccentricity, e, of the
ellipse. PF
e, 0< e 1
PN
Eccentricity
III
The Ellipse
The eccentricity of an ellipse is also defined as

distance between the centre and the focus c
e
distance between the centre and the vertex a
The foci F and F lie on

F (c, 0) (ae, 0)
F ' (c, 0) (ae, 0)

Ellipse
The general equation of an ellipse is
2 2
x y
2
2 1
a b
Generally, a b and 2a is called the major axis

and 2b is called the minor axis.

The Ellipse
2 2
x y
2
2 1 y
a b
minor axis
b vertex
P(x, y)
N
c
a a x
F (c, 0)
S (ae, 0) SF(c,
(ae,0)0)
a a
x x
e e
(directrix) focus b major axis (directrix)
centre
The Ellipse
An ellipse can also be defined as the locus of a
point that moves such that the sum of its
distances from 2 fixed points is constant.
These two points form the foci of the ellipse.

The Ellipse
PF PF ' 2 PF y
P'F P'F '
(c a ) ( a c ) P
PF a a
b
In VPOF , P
a
c
a 2 b2 c2 SF(c,
(ae,0)
0)
O(0, 0) F(c,0)0)
S (ae,
x
a = semi-major axis
= distance between centre and vertex
b = semi-minor axis
c = distance between centre and one focus
Ellipse
Equation: x2 y2 Equation: x2 y2
2
2
1 1
a b b 2
a 2
a b 0 a b 0
Vertices: ( a, 0) Vertices: ( 0, a )
Major axis length: 2a Major axis length: 2a
Minor axis length: 2b Minor axis length: 2b
Foci: ( c ,0) , 2 Foci: (0, c) , c 2 a 2 b 2
c a 2 b2
Eccentricity, c Eccentricity, c
e e
a a

Example 23
Show that each of the following equations represent
an ellipse :
(i) x 2y 4
2 2
(ii) 4 x 2 y 2 8
State all the properties each case, and sketch the curves.
III
Example 24
a) Find the equation of an ellipse with its
vertices are (4, 0) and the foci are ( 2, 0) .
b) Find the equation of the ellipse with foci

4
(0, 8) and eccentricity e
5 .
x2 y 2 x2 y2
Answers: (a) 1 (b) 1
16 12 36 100
Example 25
Find the equations of the tangents with gradient 2
to the ellipse with equation 2 x 2 3 y 2 6, and
find their points of contact.
3 14 14 3 14 14
Answers : y 2 x 14 , , , ,
7
7 7 7
1.8
Hyperbola

The Hyperbola
A hyperbola is the locus of a point P(x, y) which
moves such that the ratio of its distance from a
fixed point F (focus) to its perpendicular
distance from a fixed straight line (directrix) at N
is fixed and greater than 1.
This ratio is called the eccentricity, e, of the
hyperbola. PF
e, e 1
PN
The Hyperbola
The general equation of the hyperbola with
centre (0, 0), foci at (c,0) and (c, 0), and
vertices at (a, 0) and (a, 0) is :
2 2
x y
2
2 1 where c a b
2 2 2
a b
where a = distance between centre and vertex
c = distance between centre and focus
The transverse axis is the x axis.
The Hyperbola
The eccentricity of a hyperbola is also defined as
distance between the centre and the focus c

e
distance between the centre and the vertex a
The foci F and F lie on

F (c, 0) (ae, 0)
F ' (c, 0) (ae, 0)

The Hyperbola
2 2
x y
2
2 1
a b
By arranging the terms to make y2 the subject,
2
b
y 2 (x a )
2 2 2
a
Since y2 0, we have x 2 a 2 0 x a, x a.

Hyperbola
Notice :
For large values of x (either ve or ve)
i.e. x :
2
b 2
y 2x
2
a
b
y x
a
b
Hence, y x are the asymptotes.
a
Hyperbola
x2 y2
2
2 1
a b
The Hyperbola
x2 y 2 y b
2 1 b y x
2
a b y x
a a
c a b
2 2 2 (0, b)

focus
focus
c c
e , e 1 (a, 0) b (a, 0)
a

a (c, 0)
( c, 0) 0
The transverse axis is vertex
the axis which passes centre (0, b)
through the vertices. In
this case it is the x-axis
as x2 has positive sign.
The Hyperbola
y
vertex
focus
(0, c)

(0, a)

The transverse axis

is the y-axis here,
(b, 0)

(b, 0)
x
0
as y2 has positive
sign. centre

(0, a)

(0, c)
focus
Hyperbola
Equation : x 2 y2 Equation: y 2 x2
2
2 1 2
2 1
a b a b
Vertices ( a ,0) Vertices (0, a )
b
Asymptotes y x Asymptotes y a x
a
Foci ( c ,0) , c 2 a 2 b 2 Foci (0, c ) , c 2 a 2 bb 2

The Rectangular Hyperbola
If a b :
The equation of a hyperbola reduces to
x y a
2 2 2
This hyperbola is called the rectangular hyperbola,

with the asymptotes are y x inclined at to the
4
axes, and are perpendicular to one another.

The Rectangular Hyperbola
The graph of x y a and xy
2 2 2
c 2
are shown below

y
x y a
2 2 2
xy c 2
x
0

Example 26
Sketch the following curves :
x2 y 2
(i) 1
9 4
(ii) x y 52 2

Example 27
a) State all the properties of the hyperbola and
sketch the graph
(i) 9 x 16 y 144
2 2
(ii) x 9 y 9 0
2 2
b) Find the equation of the hyperbola with

vertices (3, 0) and foci (4, 0).
c) Find the equation of the hyperbola with

vertices (0, 2) and asymptotes y 2 x.
x2 y2 y2
Answers: (b)
1 (c) x2 1 87
9 7 4
1.9
Shifted Conics

Shifted Conics
In previous section, we studied parabolas with
vertices at the origin and ellipse and hyperbolas
with centers at origin.
In this section, we consider conics whose

vertices and centers are not necessarily at the
origin, and we need to determine how this affects
their equations.
Shifted Conics
Given h and k are positive real numbers,
Replacement How the graph is shifted
1. x replaced by x h Right h units

2. x replaced by x + h Left h units
3. y replaced by y k Upward k units
4. y replaced by y + k Downward k units

Shifted Parabolas
Applying shifts to parabolas leads to the
equations and graphs shown as followings:
(i ) ( x h ) 2 4 a ( y k ) (ii ) ( x h ) 2 4 a ( y k ) (iii ) ( y k ) 2 4 a ( x h ) (iv ) ( y k ) 2 4 a ( x h )

for a 0 for a 0 for a 0 for a 0
III
Example 28
Determine the vertex, focus, and directrix
and sketch the graph of the parabola.
x 2 4 x 8 y 28
Answers: Vertex = (2,3), focus = (2,5) , directrix: y 1

Example 29
Sketch the curve y 2 x. 2
Show that y 2( x 2 y ) is the equation

2
of a parabola and state the coordinates

of its vertex. Sketch this curve.
Answer: Vertex = ( 2, 2)
Shifted Ellipses
General equation of an ellipse:
2 2
x y
2
2 1
a b
If we shift it so that its center is at the point (h, k)
instead of at the origin, then its equation
becomes:
( x h) 2 ( y k ) 2
2
2
1
a b
Shifted Ellipses

Shifted Parabola
y
N
P(x, y)

In the diagram, the vertex
is at the point (h, k)
a a
S (h+a, k)
x
O
vertex (h,k)
(ah)
(yk)2 = 4a(xh)

Example 30
Sketch the graph of the ellipse
( x 1)
2
( y 2)
2
1
4 9
and determine the centre.
Answer: Centre = ( 1, 2)
Shifted Hyperbolas
( x h) 2 ( y k ) 2 ( y k ) 2 ( x h) 2
2
2
1 1
a b a 2
b 2

Example 31
A shifted conic has the equation
9 x 2 72 x 16 y 2 32 y 16
Complete the square to show that the equation
represents a hyperbola.
Hence states all its properties and sketch this
graph.

Example 32
Sketch the following conic :
x( y 1) 4

1.10
Parametric
Equations

Parametric Equations
If f and g are functions defined on an interval I,
then the set of points ( f(t), g(t) ) is a plane
curve. The equation
A moving point : P ( x, y )
x f (t ) y g (t )
where t I, are parametric equations for the curve.

Parametric Equations
Parametric equation for Ellipse:
x a cos t
y b sin t
Parametric equation for Parabola:
x at 2
y 2at
Parametric equation for Hyperbola:
x a sec t y b tan t

Example 33
Find the Cartesian equation of P having
parametric equations x t and y 2t 1.
2
Answer: y 2 2 y 4 x 1 0
Example 34
Prove that the cartesian equation of the locus

with parametric equations x 1 3t and
11 2 x
y 2 t is y
3
.
1 x
105
Example 35
Describe and graph the curve represented by the
parametric equations
x cos t y sin t 0 t 2

Example 36
Find the range of values of k for which the line
y k x intersects the curve with parametric
equations x 2t , y 2
t at real points.
State the values of k for which the line y k x

is a tangent to the curve, and find the points of
intersection between the line y k x and the
curve when k 5.
Answers: k 4, k 4; k 4; intersection points: (1,4), (4,1)
FHMM1034 107
Mathematics III
1.11
Loci

Loci
If a point P ( x, y ) on the coordinate planes moves,
either in a straight line or on a curve, such that its
movement is restricted by certain conditions, the
set of such points is called the locus of P.
The relationship between x and y , satisfying the

conditions, is called the cartesian equation of the
locus of P.
Example 37
The coordinates of two points are A(4, 5)

and B (2, 1) .Find the equation of the
locus of a point P( x, y ) such that
(i) AP BP
(ii) AP 2 BP
Answers: (i) 3x 2 y 9 0 (ii) 3 x 2 3 y 2 24 x 2 y 21 0

Example 38
A point P moves on the hyperbola xy = 4 and A is the point (1, 0). Find the locus of the point Q which divides AP in the ratio 3 : 2.
Ans: 5y(5x-2)=36

The End
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Centre For Foundation Studies

Department of Sciences and Engineering

FHMM1034 Mathematics III

FHMM1034 Mathematics III 1

FHMM1034 Mathematics III 4

Invented by Rene Descartes (1596-1650), It allows geometric shapes

The distance between 2 points :

FHMM1034 Mathematics III 6

Answer : PA 41, QA 45. Point A closer to point P

FHMM1034 Mathematics III R(x,y) 12

FHMM1034 Mathematics III 16

FHMM1034 Mathematics III 17

FHMM1034 Mathematics III 18

FHMM1034 Mathematics III 19

FHMM1034 Mathematics III 20

FHMM1034 Mathematics III 22

(i) If m1 m2 , the two lines l1 and l2 are parallel.

(ii) If m1m2 1 , the two lines l1 and l2 are

(i) If tan 0 , is an acute angle.

(b) Find an equation of the line that is

FHMM1034 Mathematics III 28

Answer : P and Q lie on opposite sides.

FHMM1034 Mathematics III 32

The y-coordinates of the points where a graph

FHMM1034 Mathematics III 33

Set y =0 and solve for x Set x = 0 and solve for y

FHMM1034 Mathematics III 34

Each real solution gives a point of intersection.

FHMM1034 Mathematics III 36

(i) (ii) (iii)

FHMM1034 Mathematics III 37

Answers : (i) (1,1), (-5,4) (ii) (0,0), (-1,-2), (-4,-8)

Sketch the graphs of 2 y x 24 and

and mark the points of intersection, P and Q .

FHMM1034 Mathematics III 40

If the centre is the origin, the equation becomes :

FHMM1034 Mathematics III 42

This is the general equation of a circle, with

FHMM1034 Mathematics III 43

Find an equation of the circle

Find an equation of the circle that has the

FHMM1034 Mathematics III 45

Show that the graph of

is a circle, and find its centre and radius.

Answers: centre (3,-4), radius = 4

Find the equation of the circle with centre at the

Find the equation of the tangent at the point (5, 1)

Find the perpendicular distance of the point A(4, 2)

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A parabola is the locus of points P(x, y) which

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perpendicular to the axis

parabola is called the latus

the focal diameter.

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The equation y2 = 2x can be written as

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b) Find the focus and directrix of the parabola

c) Find the focus, directrix and focal diameter of

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