Test Of Significance

Terminologies:
Degree Of Freedom
P value/ Alpha value
Types Of Hypothesis
Chi Square Test History &
Definition
Chi Square Graph
Types/Application Of Chi Square
Test:
Goodness Of Fit
Independence Test
Homogeneity Chi Square
Examples/ Numerical
Demerits
A Final Thought
References
 Significance tests allow us to
determine whether or not a finding
is the result of a genuine difference
between two or more items, or
whether it is just due to chance.
Percentage error taken into
consideration to signify the
observations. Also termed as error
probability.
Null Hypothesis[H0]
Before setting the significance we setup the null
hypothesis that the difference is not significant, and it is
so because the difference is due to some fluctuations.
Also termed as hypothesis of no difference.

Alternative Hypothesis[H1]
Rejection of null hypothesis leads to the acceptance of
alternative hypothesis.

e.g. null hypothesis says that a given medicine cures 95% of

the patient taking it.
Alternative hypothesis says that we can cure less than
95% or more than 95%.
 A statistical test which involves the
calculation of a quantity which is used
to compare an observed ratio with an
expected or theoretical ratio and to
determine how closely the former fits
the latter.
Chi square test was developed by
Prof. A. R. Fischer in 1870.
Karl Pearson improved Fischers Chi

Square test in its modern form in the

year 1900.
 = _
[ ] (O-E)

O = Observed frequency in a class

E = Expected frequency in a class

= Summation
 DETERMINATION OF THE VALUE OF
Make a table

Calculate the expected frequency

Find the difference between the observed and expected frequency in
Each cell

Square the value. Divide by the Expected frequency

The table value is calculated by the degree of freedom
At both 5% or 1% level of significance, and seen from the

Table

This tabulated value can be compared with the value calculated
from the Data.

If the calculated value is lower than the tabulated value then the data
is significant

Null hypothesis is rejected

Alternative hypothesis is rejected
 Goodness Of Fit
It is used to determine whether the actual or
observed frequencies are similar or in good
agreement with the expected or theoretical number
of frequencies.

Independence Test
It is a test to check the independence of attributes.
In this one set of observations taken under particular
conditions are compared to those of a similar nature
taken under different conditions.

Homogeneity Chi Square

A test of homogeneity must be performed to decide
whether the separate samples are sufficiently
uniform to be added together.
H0: the given distribution follows theoretical
distribution .
H1: the given distribution does not follow
theoretical distribution.
Degree of freedom- (2-1) (2-1) =1
P-Value= 5% or 0.05

Observed Expected (O E) (O E)2 (O E)2/ E

A-type 85 75 10 100 1.33

a-type 15 25 -10 100 4.0

Total 100 100 Chi-Square 5.33

[statistical]
 H0= Active cricket players are form
independent of their birthda
H1= Active cricket players are dep
[statistical] on their birthdates
 7.815

Statistical value (8.11) greater than critical value (7.815)

Therefore null hypothesis rejected
There are a few assumption/demerits
for the validity of Chi square test:
All the observation must be

independent. No individual item

should be included twice or a number
of times in the sample.
The total number of observation

should be large.
All the events must be mutually

exclusive.
For comparison purpose the data
Chi square is a wonderful method
used in situations which do not need
any assumptions about the
parameter. It is of multiple uses in
various fields.

The big disadvantage being its

tedious calculations.
REFERENCE
INTRODUCTION OF BIOSTATISTICS
BY: PRANAB K. BANERJEE
ELEMENTS OF BIOSTATISTICS
BY: S. PRASAD