Process

Instrumentation &
Control
(NPE-542)
By
Awais Javaid 2306
Bilwal Hashmi 2359
Continuous Pressure
Measurement
Contents
Pressure
Manometer
Mechanical Pressure Sensor Elements
Electrical Pressure Sensor Elements
Force-Balanced Pressure Transmitters
Differential Pressure Transmitters
Pressure Sensor Accessories
Process/Instrument Stability
Pressure
Force per unit area

Primary variable for wide range of process

measurement e.g.
Flow Rate
Liquid level
Liquid density
Weight
Fluid Temperature in Chamber filled with fluid.
Manometers
A
fluid-filled tube where an
applied pressure causes the fluid
height to shift proportionately.

Fundamentally an instrument of
differential pressure
measurement
U-Tube Manometers
Very inexpensive

Made from clear plastic or glass

Difference of height of liquid

level in the both leg is used

Can be used for differential

pressure, absolute pressure,
gauge pressure.
Well (Cistern) Manometer
Single point reading

Cross sectional area of well is so

large that height change in well
is negligible

Constructed from metal cistern

and glass
Inclined Manometer
High sensitivity

Low pressure
measurement

Amplification in liquid
motion for given amount
of pressure change
Mechanical Pressure Elements
Bellows, Diaphragm, and Bourdon tube.

Converts a fluid pressure into a force.

If unrestrained, the natural elastic properties of the element will produce a

motion proportional to the applied pressure.

Used to measure differential and/or absolute pressure in addition to gauge

pressure
Bellows
Bellows resemble an
accordion constructed
from metal

Increasing pressure inside

a bellows unit causes it to
elongate
Diaphragm
A thin disk of material which
bows outward under the
influence of a fluid pressure

Constructed from metal,

which gives them spring-
like qualities
Bourdon Tube
Made of spring-like metal alloys
bent into a circular shape

Under the influence of internal

pressure, bourdon tube tries to
straighten out

C-tube, spiral and helical tube

are mostly used
Construction of C-Tube
Electrical Pressure Sensor
Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure
into an electrical signal response.

These technologies form the basis of electronic pressure transmitters

Designed to measure fluid pressure and

Transmit that information

via electrical signals such as the 4-20 mA analog standard,

Or in digital form such as HART or FOUNDATION Fieldbus.

Piezo-resistive (strain gauge)
sensors
Pressure-sensitive
resistance

By Stretching or compressing, the

length and area change

Attaching a strain gauge to a diaphragm

results in a device that changes
resistance with applied pressure

Silicon strain gauge elements are mostly

used
Diaphragm/strain gauge pressure
sensor
Differential Capacitance Sensor
Sensing element is a taut metal
diaphragm located equidistant
between two stationary metal surfaces

Electrically insulating fill fluid transfer

motion

Any difference across the cell will

cause the capacitance change due
change in distance
Resonant Element Sensor
A string serve as a force sensor

All that is needed to complete the

sensor is an oscillator circuit to keep
the string vibrating at its resonant
frequency, and that frequency
becomes an indication of tension

the strings resonant frequency will

indicate fluid pressure
Force-balance pressure transmitters
A self-balance system continuously
balances an adjustable quantity
against a sensed quantity,

the adjustable quantity becoming an

indication of the sensed quantity once
balance is achieved.

A common manual-balance system is

the type of scale.
Differential Pressure Transmitters
This device senses the difference in pressure between
two ports and
outputs a signal representing that pressure in relation to
a calibrated range

Differential pressure transmitters may be based on any of

the previously discussed pressure-sensing technologies
Ports of DP Cell
Two pressure ports to sense
different process fluid
pressures. One of these ports is
labeled high and the other is
labeled low.

Labels represent is the effect

that a pressure at that point will
have on the output signal.
Example
High side of the DP transmitter
connects to the upstream side of
the filter,

The low side of the transmitter to

the downstream side of the filter

Increased filter clogging will result

in an increased transmitter output