Beyond sadness

Stundet: Podovei Snziana

Faculty of Letters of Al. I. Cuza
Agenda

Definition
Symptoms
Causes and risk factors
Types
Diagnosing depression
Treatment and therapies
Myths and facts
Questions
 What is depression ?
Depression - (clinical
depression) is a common but
serious mood disorder. It affects
how you feel, think, and
handle daily activities. To be
diagnosed with depression, the
symptoms must be present
for at least two weeks.
 Depression affects 20% of all women, 10%
of all men and 5% or more of all
adolescents worldwide

It is ranked as the second leading cause

of death by the World Health Organization

It is the second most common

psychiatric problem in the U.S. (after
anxiety disorders) afflicting about 17.6
million people each year
 Symptoms:
Emotional - Feelings of helplessness and hopelessness
Physical - headaches, back pain, aching muscles, and stomach pain
Appetite/weight/sleep changes
Loss of interest in daily activities
Reckless behavior
Concentration problems
 Causes whos at risk?

Anyone can become depressed

Depression can strike at any age
No one knows exactly what causes
depression
researchers currently believe that
depression is caused by a malfunction
of brain circuits that regulate mood,
thinking and behavior. Brain chemicals
called neurotransmitters (such as
serotonin, norepinephrine and
dopamine) are important for healthy
*neurons (nerve cells) in the brain communicating via neurotransmitter
nerve cell connections.
 Risk factors
Abuse - past physical, sexual, or emotional abuse
Medications - some drugs used to treat high blood pressure or liver
disease
Major events
Genetics
Serious illnesses
Substance abuse
 Types of depression
Major depression also called major depressive disorder (MDD), often appears
spontaneously and is seemingly unprovoked, or it can begin as a depressive reaction
following a loss, trauma, or other significant stressful event.

Melancholia - a severe form of major depression where many of the physical symptoms of
depression are present

Psychotic depression - people lose touch with reality and experience psychosis. This can
involve hallucinations or delusions. They can also be paranoid.
 Bipolar disorder also known as 'manic depression' because the person
experiences periods of depression and periods of mania, with periods of normal
mood in between.
Antenatal and postnatal depression (postpartum/perinatal depression)

Dysthymic disorder - its symptoms are similar to those of major depression but
are less severe.

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) - mood disorder that has a seasonal pattern
 Diagnosing depression

Diagnosing
depression
 As of yet, there is no lab test for depression
To make an accurate diagnosis, doctors rely on a patient's description of
the symptoms.
You'll be asked about your medical history and medication use since
these may contribute to symptoms of depression.
Discussing moods, behaviors, and daily activities can help reveal the
severity and type of depression.
 Treatment and therapies
Talk Therapy can fight mild to moderate depression
- Cognitive behavioral therapy
- Interpersonal therapy
- Psychodynamic psychotherapy
Medications - antidepressants affect the levels of brain chemicals, such as serotonin
and norepinephrine
Exercise - physical activity releases endorphins that can help boost mood
 Light Therapy (Phototherapy)
Pets
Social support
Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS)
 Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Good Outlook
 Myths:
Hard Work Beats Depression
It's Not a Real Illness
Depression Is Just Self-Pity
Depressed People Cry a Lot
Depression Is Part of Aging
Talking Makes Things Worse
Teens Are Unhappy by Nature
Depression Is Tough to Treat
 Facts
Anyone Can Get Depressed
It Can Sneak Up Slowly
Family History Is Not Destiny
Depression Imitates Dementia
Positive Thinking May Help
Exercise Is Good Medicine
It's Not Always Depression
 Glossary
English Romanian
Anxiety Anxietate
Bipolar disorder (also called: maniac Tulburare bipolar (denumita i: psihoz
depression) maniaco-depresiv)
Brain chemicals Substane chimice eliberate de sistemul
nervos
Brain circuits Conexiuni neuronale
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) Terapie cognitiv-comportamental (TCC)
Depression (also called: clinical depression) Depresie (denumit i: depresie clinic)
Delusion Iluzie
Diagnose, to A diagnostica, a pune un diagnostic
Dopamine Dopamin
Dysthymia (also called: neurotic depression) Distimie (denumit i: depresie nevrotic)
Electroconvulsive therapy Terapie electroconvulsiv (sau: terapie prin
electroocuri)
Major depression (also called: major Depresie major (denumit i: tulburare
depressive disorder) depresiv major)
Malfunction Disfuncie
Melancholia Depresie melancolic
English Romanian
Mood disorder Tulburare depresiv/ de personalitate
Nerve cell Celul nervoas
Neurotransmitter Neurotransmitor
Norepinephrine Norepinefrin/noradrenalin
Paranoid; paranoia Paranoid/paranoic; paranoia
Phototherapy Terapie cu lumin
Postpartum depression Depresie postpartum/postnatal (DPP)
Psychiatric disorder Tulburare psihic
Psychodynamic psychotherapy Psihoterapie psihodinamic
Psychosis psihoz
Psychotic depression Depresie psihotic
Seasonal Affective Disorder Tulburare afectiv sezonier
Serotonin Serotonin
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Stimulare magnetic transcranian
Bibliography

http://www.webmd.com/depression/understanding-depression-basics#1
https://
www.helpguide.org/articles/depression/depression-signs-and-symptoms.
htm
https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression/index.shtml
http://www.webmd.com/depression/ss/slideshow-depression-myths
http://www.webmd.com/depression/ss/slideshow-depression-overview
https://thehumerusbrain.wordpress.com/2013/08/
https://www.beyondblue.org.au/the-facts/depression/types-of-depression
http://www.who.int/campaigns/world-health-day/2017/campaign-essentia
ls/en
/
Questions