Antennas & Propagation Antennas

&
Propagation

Mischa Dohler

Kings College London

Centre for Telecommunications Research

Lecture II, 1. Oct. 2001

 IEEE Student
Membership
- IEEE offers currently cheap memberships
Antennas & Propagation

for
- Tostudents!
be member means
- to have online access to all IEEE publications and
- to have excellent opportunities to link with the
standards!!!
- and much, much more !!!
industry
- KCL is one of the few colleges which can
apply online!
Make use of it and apply at
https://swww4.ieee.org/nsmStud
ent/
or
www.ieee.org
If you have any problems just write me an email:
mischa@ieee.org Lecture II, 1. Oct. 2001
Antennas & Propagation
Overview of Lecture II

- Review of Lecture I
- Philosophy of Antennas

- Analytical Tools
- Wave Equation

- Hertzian Dipole

Lecture II, 1. Oct. 2001

Antennas & Propagation

Review

Lecture II, 1. Oct. 2001

Antennas & Propagation
Fourier Transform

S ( f ) s(t ) e j 2ft
dt

The steeper the signal in time, the more

high frequency components are
required to build such signal.

The FT does tell us which frequencies are

used, but NOT when.

Lecture II, 1. Oct. 2001

Antennas & Propagation
Vector Analysis
Gradient (grad ): Characterises the changes of a scalar field.

Divergence (div E): Characterises, how much a field diverges.

Rotation (rot H): Characterises, how much a field rotates.

Nabla Vector
x y z
x y z

x y z
x y z
D x D y D z
D
x y z
H ...

grad
D div D H rot H
Lecture II, 1. Oct. 2001
Antennas & Propagation
Maxwells Equations

div D div B 0
D 0 E
B 0 H

B They seem D
rot E coupled. rot H J
t t
rot and div merely characterise the

change in location, yet not in time!

Lecture II, 1. Oct. 2001

Antennas & Propagation
Maxwells Equations

B D
rot E rot H J
t t
THE KEY TO ANY OPERATING ANTENNA

Suppose: 1. There does exist an electric medium, which

provides a current I and thus a current density J.
2. This causes location varying magnetic field H

3. This causes location varying magnetic flux B, but no

time varying magnetic flux. Thus no rot E, thus no
time varying electric flux. Thus no wave!

Lecture II, 1. Oct. 2001

Antennas & Propagation
Maxwells Equations

B D
rot E rot H J
t t
Suppose: 1. There is a time varying current density J.
2. This causes location and time varying magnetic
field H
3. This causes location and time varying magnetic
flux B.
4. This causes location and time varying electric field E.

5. This causes location and time varying electric flux D.

6. This causes location and time varying magnetic

field H, even if without current density J.
Lecture II, 1. Oct. 2001
Antennas & Propagation

Philosophy of
Antennas

Lecture II, 1. Oct. 2001

Antennas & Propagation
The Transmitting Antenna

H E
rot E 0 rot H J 0
t t
THE TAKE-OFF RUNWAY FOR A TRANSMITTING ANTENNA

Thus, we only need a medium, which is capable of

carrying a time-variant current.

We will call this medium: Antenna.

Outside the Antenna the electromagnetic field can

propagate on its own without the source J, since
both fields are coupled through the formulas!

Lecture II, 1. Oct. 2001

Antennas & Propagation
The Receiving Antenna

H E
rot E 0 rot H J 0
t t
THE LANDING RUNWAY FOR A RECEIVING ANTENNA

Thus, we only need a medium, which has free

electrons to generate a current out of a time-
varying electromagnetic field.

In any case, there is always a time-variant current density necessary:

2
J0 I 0 Q0
t t t 2

Lecture II, 1. Oct. 2001

 Antenna Philosophy
Antennas & Propagation Blackboard!

Accelerated Charges

1. Time-varying electric current 2. Discontinuities in the wire

- harmonic current - bent wire

- modulated information - sharp edges, etc

Decoupled, thus propagating waves

Efficiency?
Lecture II, 1. Oct. 2001
Antennas & Propagation
Antenna Philosophy

An Antenna is

an efficient way of converting a guided wave

into a radiating wave or vice versa.

rod, wave guide, micro strip, transmission line

free space traveling wave

Lecture II, 1. Oct. 2001

Antennas & Propagation
Antenna Philosophy

Transmission Line
Current Distribution

V
Mutual Cancellation

(Half-wave) Dipole

V Radiation

Lecture II, 1. Oct. 2001

Antennas & Propagation
Dipole

r (radial) distance
- Coordinate system
Elevation
z Azimuth

r
Tr. Line y
Load

x

- Electric and Magnetic Field Vector

H

r E

The longer the vectors E & H at point r, the more energy is

available at that point.
BUT! We are also interested in the changes from location to location.
Lecture II, 1. Oct. 2001
Antennas & Propagation
Dipole Radiation Pattern

Radiation Pattern is defined as

the variation of the magnitude of the electric or magnetic field

as a function of direction (at a distance far from the antenna).

very short dipole half wave one wave length 1.5 wave length

Lecture II, 1. Oct. 2001

Antennas & Propagation

Analytical Tools

Lecture II, 1. Oct. 2001

 Vector Relationships
Antennas & Propagation Blackboard!

rot rot H 0

vector rot H vector

div rot H 0 rot grad 0

vector div D scalar scalar

grad vector

div grad 0

Lecture II, 1. Oct. 2001

 Vector Relationships
Antennas & Propagation Blackboard!

a) div rot H H 0

b) rot grad 0

c) div grad
2 2 2
2 2 2
x y z
2 ... Laplace operator Equivalent value
for vector
2 2 2
d) A A 2 A x x 2 A y y 2 A z z
2

x y z

e) rot rot H H
grad div H 2H
H 2 H
Lecture II, 1. Oct. 2001
 Wave Equation
Antennas & Propagation Blackboard!

(1)
div D (2)
div B 0
D 0 E (5)
B 0 H

B D
(3)
rot E (4)
rot H J
t t
H 0
0
H H 2 H
Lecture II, 1. Oct. 2001
 Wave Equation
Antennas & Propagation Blackboard!

The magnetic vector potential A The electric scalar potential

is defined such that is defined such that

A
A B (r , t ) E
t
They are normalised through the
Lorentz condition:

A 0
t

1 2A
A 2 2 J (r , t )
2

c t
1 2
(r , t )
2
2

c t 2

Lecture II, 1. Oct. 2001
 Wave Equation
Antennas & Propagation Blackboard!

Time-dependent inhomogeneous wave equation

1 2

2 2 2 F (r , t )
c t

Find : A,

B (r , t ) A A
E
t
1
E H dt

Lecture II, 1. Oct. 2001
 Wave Equation
Antennas & Propagation Blackboard!

Harmonic excitation: r' , t Re r' e jt

A r' , t ReA r' e jt

H A/
E H / j

Helmholtz Equations

2 A (r ) k 2 A (r ) J (r )
2
k
2 (r ) k 2 ( r ) (r ) / c
... wave number
Lecture II, 1. Oct. 2001
Antennas & Propagation
Wave Equation

Advantageous procedure to solve radiation problems.

1. Represent signal to be transmitted through current density J.

2. Resolve J into its harmonics.

3. Find the harmonic magnetic vector potential A.

4. To find the magnetic field H, solve :

H A/

5. To find the electric field E, solve :

E H / j

6. To find the overall field of the signal, apply inverse FT.

Lecture II, 1. Oct. 2001
 Solution of Wave Equation
Antennas & Propagation Blackboard!

Time-dependent inhomogeneous wave equation

r (radial) distance
Elevation
Point Charge Q(t) z Azimuth

at (0,0,0) r
y

x

1 2
Q ( t ) ( 0)
2 2
c t 2

2 2 2 1 2

2
2 2 2 r f1 f 2
x y z r r r
2 2

Lecture II, 1. Oct. 2001

 Solution of Wave Equation
Antennas & Propagation Blackboard!

1 2 1 2 Q ( t ) ( 0)
r
r r
2
r c 2 t 2
Outside the source charge.

1 2 1 2
r 2 0
r r
2
r c t 2

Substitution: R=r

2R 1 2R
2 2 0 Solution: wave
r 2
c t

R( r, t ) f t r
c

Lecture II, 1. Oct. 2001
 Solution of Wave Equation
Antennas & Propagation Blackboard!

R( r, t ) f t r
c
R( r, t ) r r, t

r, t

f tr
c

r
f t
r, t r0
r
Neglecting the time derivative!

f (t ) Q ( t ) ( 0)

2 2

r
Poissons equation for the electrostatic potential.
Lecture II, 1. Oct. 2001
Antennas & Propagation
Solution of Wave Equation

Q ( t ) ( 0)

2

The Solution for Poissons equation is the Coulomb potential:

Q (t ) f t
r, t r, t
4 r r

f t
Q (t )
r, t

f tr
c

4 r

1 2 Q ( t ) ( 0) Q (t r )
2 r, t c
2

c t 2
4 r
Lecture II, 1. Oct. 2001
Antennas & Propagation
Solution of Wave Equation

Q (t r ) 1
r, t c d r , t dQ ( t r )
4 r 4 r c
z
|r-r| 1
d r , t dQ t | r r' | c
|r| 4 | r r' |
dQ
y
|r| dQ d V '
x Volume Charge
r' , t | r r' | c
Q(r,t) in V d r , t dV'
4 | r r' |

r' , t | r r' | c

r, t dV'
V'
4 | r r' |
Lecture II, 1. Oct. 2001
Antennas & Propagation
Retarded Potentials

1 r' , t | r r' | c
r, t dV'
4 V'
| r r' |
J r' , t | r r' | c
A r, t dV'
4 V'
| r r' |

r' , t Re r' e jt
J r' , t ReJ r' e jt

1 r' e jk |r r'|
r dV'
4 V'
| r r' |
J r' e jk |r r'|
A r dV'
4 V'
| r r' |
Lecture II, 1. Oct. 2001
Antennas & Propagation
Wave Equation

Advantageous procedure to solve radiation problems.

1. Represent signal to be transmitted through current density J.

2. Resolve J into its harmonics.

solved

3. Find the harmonic magnetic vector potential A.

4. To find the magnetic field H, solve :

H A/

5. To find the electric field E, solve :

E H / j

6. To find the overall field of the signal, apply inverse FT.

Lecture II, 1. Oct. 2001
Antennas & Propagation

Hertzian Dipole

Lecture II, 1. Oct. 2001

 Hertzian Dipole
Antennas & Propagation Blackboard!

Impact of current along infinitesimal small wire.

r (radial) distance
Elevation
Current along z of z Azimuth

a wire length L r
y
L

x

J r' e jk |r r'|
A r dV'
4 V'
| r r' |
- current constant?
- coordinate system?
- distance r = r?
Lecture II, 1. Oct. 2001
 Hertzian Dipole
Antennas & Propagation Blackboard!

J r' e jk |r r'|
A r dV'
4 V'
| r r' |

| r r' || r | r J J z I J dA' dV' dA'dz'

A'

jkr
A r e
J z dA dz'
4r L A

A r I L e jkr z
4r
Lecture II, 1. Oct. 2001
 Hertzian Dipole
Antennas & Propagation Blackboard!

A r I L e jkr z
4r

A
B H A r
1
A sin r
sin
1 A r 1 rA

r sin r r
1 rA A r

r r

A r A z cos A 0 A A z sin

Lecture II, 1. Oct. 2001

Antennas & Propagation
Hertzian Dipole

1 1 1
2

H I L k sin e
2 jkr

4 jkr jkr

E H / j
1
jkr
2
1
3

Er I L k cos e
2

2 jkr jkr

1 1
2
1
3

E I L k sin e
2 jkr

4 jkr jkr jkr

k Intrinsic impedance (120 377ohm for free space)

Lecture II, 1. Oct. 2001
Antennas & Propagation
Hertzian Dipole

Near Field Approximation Far Field Approximation

k r 1 k r 1
I L cos
Er Er 0
j 2kr 3

I L sin
E E H
j 4kr 3

I L sin I L k sin jkr

H H j e
4r 2 4r
E & H are in quadrature phase, thus E & H are in phase, thus they carry
merely energy storage energy!
Lecture II, 1. Oct. 2001